Information, value

For different types of collections, this balance is differently defined. For example paper conservation treatments commonly undertaken in the museum conservation laboratory would be impractical in a Hbrary archive having a far greater collection size. The use of treatments for mass paper quantities would be unacceptable in the art museum. Documents in archives and books in Hbraries serve a different goal from art objects in a museum. Their use value Hes primarily in their information rather than in an intrinsic esthetic value. Whereas optimal preservation of that information value requires preservation of the object itself, a copy or even a completely different format could serve the same purpose. 

Both matter-like (a) and geometry-like (kj) information must be dynamical constructs of primordial bits of information value and link dynamics must not just mimic one-another via a weak coupling, rather they must, in a sense, tap from the same informational source when it comes to their mutual creation and/or annihilation. 

Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. "Nitrated PAH s do not fluoresce but can be made to fluoresce by passing through a Zn or Pt column to reduce nitro groups to amino groups. Information values for other organics in certificate. Certified values for pesticides and PCB s. 

During the course of the certification, some laboratories individually determined and reported values for a total of 14 additional elements (Ba, Br, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, P, S, As, Se, Sn, and V). The obtained indicative values were not certified, as the data did not meet the already mentioned requirements for certification, but is presented as information values in the publication quoted above. 

As an example of the capabilities of a combination of INAA and RNAA using a two group separation scheme for the simultaneous determination of As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Sb, Hg, and Se (Kucera and Soukal 1993), and a single separation procedure for vanadium determination (Byrne and Kucera 1991), Table 3.8 shows results for NIST-SRM-i573a Tomato Leaves that were obtained prior to certification of this material (Kucera 1995), and later on taken into consideration for deriving the NIST certified and information values (Becker 1995, personal communication). 

Information value A value that will be of use to the SRM/RM user, but insufficient information is available to NIST to assess adequately the uncertainty associated with the value. Typically the value will be provided with no uncertainty listed. 

The three historical approaches to certification mentioned above were recently expanded to identily seven modes that are used at NIST for value assignment for chemical composition (May et al. 2000). These seven modes and the resulting values are summarized in Table 3.13. The basic principles of value assignment remain unchanged however, these modes now provide a well-defined link between the process used for value assignment and the definition of the assigned value (i.e. certified, reference, or information value). The terms described above provide a clear indication of the level of confidence that NIST has in the accuracy of the assigned value. The definition of a certified value implies that NIST must be involved in the measurement process for the value to be classified as a NIST certified value (see modes 1-3 in Table 3.13). Thus, modes 4 and 7, which do not involve NIST measure-... 

HLA DQAl, AmpliType PM types including the Amelogenin typing information and information values for the 17 STR loci. 

Filter samples can be prepared to airborne workplace concentrations by spiking each filter with aqueous solution containing elements with concentrations gravimetrically traceable to ultrapure metals or stoidiiometricaUy well defined oxides. The amormts correspond for some of the materials to current threshold limit values of contaminants in workroom atmospheres provided that the simulated filter has been exposed to one cubic meter of air. The certified values are based on a gravimetric procedure, i.e. weight per volume composition of the primary reference material dissolved in high purity sub-dis-tiUed acids. The National Institute of Occupational Health in Oslo, Norway, has produced several batches of such materials certified for 20 elements. Additionally, information values are reported for four other elements see Table 6.2. 

Figure 7.3. The average number of peptides matching within various mass windows (ppm) as a function of the peptide mass (Da) for proteins from H. sapiens completely digested with trypsin. Note that there is negligible increase in the information value (no reduction in the number of matches) below 0.1 ppm.

Univariate case data from normally distributed populations generally have a higher information value associated with them but the traditional hypothesis testing techniques (which include all the methods described in this section) are generally neither resistant nor robust. All the data analyzed by these methods are also, effectively, continuous that is, at least for practical purposes, the data may be represented by any number and each such data number has a measurable relationship to other data numbers. 

One with concentrations of metals corresponding to open-ocean surface water with an information value for total iron concentration. 

The highest quality reference materials are certified for the concentration values of the constituent(s) of interest, reflecting high confidence in the value s accuracy and the thorough investigation of all known or suspected sources of bias. Used appropriately (e.g., Roper et al., 2001 Zschunke, 2000), these certified values provide an effective means to ensure comparability (both among laboratories and over time). It is not always practical, however, to undertake the work required to produce a certified value in many such cases, a value can be carefully determined, but insufficient information exists to assess the associated uncertainty. This information value is nevertheless of substantial interest to other users of the reference material. It can, for example, allow laboratories to compare results even though full traceability is impractical. 

In this report, this distinction between certified and information values will be drawn on a number of occasions, usually to emphasize the cost of establishing the detailed uncertainty of analytical techniques used to certify materials relative to the perceived benefit of certification. In many situations, a particular analyte—though important scientifically—is studied by a limited number of researchers, in which case it is most practical to establish an information value for that particular reference material by consensus (provided the necessary conditions of stability and homogeneity are met). 

At present, isotope-dilution mass spectrometry provides the best method to certify iron concentration in the recommended deep-water reference material (an expected iron concentration of approximately 0.7 nM) and to obtain an information value for iron in the recommended surface water reference material (an expected iron concentration of approximately 50 pM or less). 

Information Value Value noted for the concentration of a substance in a reference material, however insufficient information exists to assess the associated uncertainty. Nevertheless, it is believed that this information is of substantial interest to potential users of the reference material. 

Uncertified Value Value of a quantity, included in the certificate of a CRM or otherwise supplied, which is provided for information only but is not certified by the producer or the certifying body. (Also see Information Value). 

To provide a common basis for research on three widely used industrial zeolites, NIST has issued reference materials for zeolite Y (RM 8850), zeolite A (RM 8851) and ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite (RM 8852). Reference and information values are provided for major and trace element content, key atomic ratios, enthalpy of formation, unit cell parameters and parhcle size distributions. 

Lave, Lester B., Fanny K. Eimever, Herbert S. Rosenkranz, and Gilbert S. Omenn. 1988. Informational Value of the Rodent Bioassay. Nature 336 631-33. 

Besides the related analytical information, values for acceptance criteria will be entered into the spreadsheet. Cells containing this information will be protected against changes after data entry. Acceptance criteria will be established for ... 

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