Information-related metrics

INFORMATION-RELATED METRICS A manager should track the following information-related metrics that influence supply chain performance ... 

The mass-related metrics shown in Figure 5.11 indicate that the amount of a substrate (see also byproduct formation), an auxiliary material for reaction, and of a solvent have to be reduced. The detailed view of the mass indices of the pilot scale, for example, the segments Substrates and Aux (R) and the size of segments Substrates (excess) and Aux (R) of the environmental factor E, deliver the information listed in Table 5.2 108% base and 162% auxiliary (R) are used. The measure to increase base addition for recycling purposes was successful at the expense of 193% base, much auxiliary material Aux (R) was saved in operation scale (reduction from 162% to only 13%). This leads to an overall... 

As opposed to progress metrics, product related metrics are typically absolute. One metric that is relevant for strategic decisions regarding development rigor or priority, is the number of manufactured vehicles that are impacted by a certain engineering artifact. This can be computed based on the take rate annotations of vehicle features realized by the engineering artifact considered. Similarly, total revenue or cost can be computed by combining take rate information with financial annotations. 

Of course, the relevant questions in a death investigation cannot be answered by mass spectro-metric analysis and other analytical data alone. Final interpretation should always include careful consideration of all the information relating to the case. 

We have defined above a way of quantifying the structure of water based on the profile of fx values that encode the number of each possible joined state of a molecule. It is now possible to use this profile as a measure of the structure of water at different temperatures. As an application of this metric it is possible to relate this to physical properties. We have shown the results of our earlier work in Table 3.3. The reader is encouraged to repeat these and to explore other structure-property relationships using the fx as single or multiple variables. A unified parameter derived from the five fx values expressed as a fraction of 1.0, might be the Shannon information content. This could be calculated from all the data created in the above studies and used as a single variable in the analysis of water and other liquid properties. 

The writing of this book was undertaken because it was intended to be the first work that solely focuses on chemistry, and what appropriate metrics for Green Chemistry might be. We hope the book provides an up-to-date and authoritative text on the current development of environmental concepts in chemical technologies from clean and green to sustainable development. We also think it provides up-to-date information on the problems of metrics fundamental aspects of metrics, practical realisations and real-world case study examples. The concepts and approaches of metrics are related to the fundamental problems in chemistry and the main focus is on the use of metrics to promote the development and implementation of green chemistry and technology solutions. 

If one has a priori knowledge of the types of structural order relevant to a system of interest, one can then generally construct metrics that are capable of detecting and quantifying that order. Such metrics are often designed to report the deviation of a structure from a reference arrangement of particles. This information can be especially useful for studying the behavior of supercooled liquids and related systems that exhibit transient structural precursors of the stable crystalline phase.34 The structural order... 

If such enzymes occur at the same levels in relevant microbial populations, Vmax may be directly related to other metrics of biomass presence such as cell numbers, biomass dry weight, or protein concentrations. In an attempt to enable extending results from one system to another (e.g., from laboratory observations to field situations), one often normalizes Fmax by such biomass parameters. For example, in Table 17.7, the observed Vmax values are normalized to the protein contents of the tested microbial populations or isolated enzymes, and the result is given as values Vmax (the prime is added to emphasize the normalization). To apply such information to new situations, one must multiply the normalized maximum velocities by a measure of the relevant enzyme concentration or biomass protein in the new system of interest (e.g., Vmax x microbial protein content in new case involving intact microorganisms). Of course, one is assuming that the ratio of enzyme to total protein is the same in the old and new situation. 

Equation (27) has been criticized (14) on the grounds that a mass-spectro-metric analysis of cobalt hydrocarbonyl showed no hydrogen-containing fragments related to the tricarbonyl (141). In the absence of any additional information, however, it is difficult to assess the value of negative mass-spectrometric results. 

Firms have generally been reluctant to publish the costs they attribute to validation, but some case studies have been published related to inspected systems, as can be found in the second part of this book. Based on this information and the author s own experience, the following validation metrics have emerged ... 

Metrics must relate directly to process safety objectives and provide accurate performance information. 

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