Information quality

The art of experimental design is made richer by a knowledge of how the placement of experiments in factor space affects the quality of information in the fitted model. The basic concepts underlying this interaction between experimental design and information quality were introduced in Chapters 7 and 8. Several examples showed the effect of the location of one experiment (in an otherwise fixed design) on the variance and co-variance of parameter estimates in simple single-factor models. 

In this chapter we investigate the interaction between experimental design and information quality in two-factor systems. However, instead of looking again at the uncertainty of parameter estimates, we will focus attention on uncertainty in the response surface itself. Although the examples are somewhat specific (i.e., limited to two factors and to full second-order polynomial models), the concepts are general and can be extended to other dimensional factor spaces and to other models. 

This extra informational quality of memory can sometimes be detached from memory operation per se. it is possible to have a fantasy, for example, with the "this is a memory" quality attached, in which you mistakenly believe you are remembering something instead of just fantasizing it. Or, the quality may be attached in a d-ASC to an incoming sensory perception, triggering the experience of deja vu, the feeling that you have seen this before. Thus you may be touring in a city you have never visited and it all looks very familiar you are convinced you remember what it is like because of the presence of the "this is a memory" quality.XU... 

Deja vu, the French phrase meaning "seen before," is a time experience that occasionally happens in the ordinary d-SoC (it may actually represent a momentary transition into a d-ASC) and happens more frequently in d-ASCs. As an event is unfolding you seem to be remembering it, you are convinced it has happened before because it has the quality of a memory, in discussing the Memory subsystem, we speculated that Deja vu might sometimes result from a misplacement of the quality "this is a memory" on a current perceptual event, other types of Deja vu experiences may represent an alteration of functioning of the Space/time subsystem, where the extra informational quality "this is from the past" is added to current perceptual events. 

In the context of Part 11, it is expected that information shall be characterized and information quality incorporated into the computer systems development and operational life periods. 

Gather the requirements for the systems including functional (e.g. operational checks) requirements, nonfunctional (e.g., coding standards) requirements, users, company-wide regulatory compliance (e.g., Part 11 technical control), safety, process, and other applicable requirements Characterize information, assess its value to the organization, and incorporate information quality as part of the project plan Conduct a system (hardware, software, and process) risk analysis. New requirements may be found as the result of the risk analysis. Any new requirements must be documented in the requirements specification deliverable... 

This definition of data is what the United States Office of Management and Budget (2002) Information Quality Guidelines refer to as information . 

The United States Office of Management and Budget (2002) Information Quality Guidelines include the concept of appropriateness in their term utility , which they define as useful and appropriate . We have focused on appropriateness, believing that the data are truly useful only if they are first appropriate and relevant to the question at hand. 

In the United States Office of Management and Budget (2002) Information Quality Guidelines, accuracy is included in the broader concept of objectivity , which addresses whether information is being presented in an accurate, clear, complete, and unbiased manner, and as a matter of substance, is accurate, reliable, and unbiased . The present WHO document discussion of accuracy, however, focuses primarily on the substance— the development and use of data to represent particular exposures. Unbiased presentation of results that are substantively accurate is also critical. 

The current simulation model does not account for the information carriers used. In the transfer project, their effect on transfer time and information quality will be accounted for. 

MB (2005). Einal information quality bulletin for peer review. Federal Register 70, 2664—2677. 

Weight of Considerations involved in assessing the interpretation of published the scientif- scientific information — quality of methods, ability of a study to detect ic evidence -adverse effects, consistency of results across studies, and biological plausibility of cause-and-effect relationships. 

This review focuses on Steps 5 and 6 hereafter. The NMR-derived structural information quality and its problem are discussed in Sections 8 and 9. 

With the dissemination of multinuclear multidimensional NMR experiments, the automated NMR resonance assignment became feasible and indispensable, simultaneously.23,35,41,99 Typically, 10-20 individual multidimensional NMR spectra are measured for a large protein. The NMR-derived information quality definitely relies on the resonance assignment. The precious assignment has been based on and assessed by the sequential NOE continuity on the peptide sequence and consistency with the amino acid spin... 

The quality control (QC) tests discussed in Sections 10.5 and 11.2.9 are integral parts of QA designed to check results. Some QC measures are prompt indicators that warn of problem occurrence at the time of analysis others are delayed indicators that require backtracking to And when a problem first arose. Control charts for radiation detector operation are an example of a prompt indicator of reliability. Records of deviations from the norm in an analysis or a measurement may also be prompt indicators if immediately considered. Periodic blank, blind, and replicate analyses, especially interlaboratory comparisons, are delayed indicators for which results may not be available for days or weeks after a problem has arisen. Review and assessment of compiled data are delayed indicators of information quality. 

These attributes, and others, could be used to form the basis for an evaluation of information quality in a decision support system. 

Each of these top-level attributes may be decomposed into attributes at a lower level. Each is needed as fundamental metrics for valuation of information quality. We have indicated that some of the components of equivocality or imperfection are uncertainty, imprecision, inconsistency, and incompleteness. A few of the attributes of representational appropriateness include naturalness, transform-ability to naturalness, and concision. These attributes of information presentation system effectiveness relate strongly to overall value of information concerns and should be measured as a part of the DSS and GDSS evaluation effort even though any one of them may appear to be a secondary theme. 

Parsian, A., Sarkar, S. Jacob, V. S. 2002. Assessing Information Quality for the Composite Relational Operation Join. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Qualily. Boston, MA. 

Scannapieco, M. Batini, C. 2004. Completeness In The Relational Model A Comprehensive Framework. Proceedings of the 9th international conference on information quality. 

---