Information on manufacturing processes

Information on manufacturing processes, equipment parameters, materials of construction, costs and the physical properties of process materials are needed at all stages of design from the initial screening of possible processes, to the plant start-up and production. 

Sources of data on costs were discussed in Chapter 6 and materials of construction in Chapter 7. This chapter covers sources of information on manufacturing processes and physical properties and the estimation of physical property data. Information on the types of equipment (unit operations) used in chemical process plants is given in Volume 2, and in the Chapters concerned with equipment selection and design in this Volume, Chapters 10, 11 and 12. 

The most comprehensive collection of information on manufacturing processes is probably the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology edited by Kirk and Othmer (2001) (2003), which covers the whole range of chemical and associated products. Another encyclopedia covering manufacturing processes is that edited by McKetta (2001). Several books have also been published which give brief summaries of the production processes used for the commercial chemicals and chemical products. The most well known of these is probably Shreve s book on the chemical process industries, now updated by Austin and Basta (1998). Comyns (1993) lists named chemical manufacturing processes, with references. 

Most cellulose acetate is manufactured by a solution process, ie, the cellulose acetate dissolves as it is produced. The cellulose is acetylated with acetic anhydride acetic acid is the solvent and sulfuric acid the catalyst. The latter can be present at 10—15 wt % based on cellulose (high catalyst process) or at ca 7 wt % (low catalyst process). In the second most common process, the solvent process, methylene chloride replaces the acetic acid as solvent, and perchloric acid is frequentiy the catalyst. There is also a seldom used heterogeneous process that employs an organic solvent as the medium, and the cellulose acetate produced never dissolves. More detailed information on these processes can be found in Reference 28. 

Drug Master File (DMF) completed, including information on facilities, processes, and articles used in manufacturing, processing, packaging, and... 

Drug Master File Drug Master Files (DMF) contain information on the processes and facilities used in drug or drug component manufacture and storage and are submitted to the FDA for examination and approval. 

In addition to internal audits, which are carried out on manufacturing processes, a review of the product as it is manufactured, and its ability to meet specifications both initially and over time, can yield information for improving... 

LCA includes the following important steps materials extraction, manufacturing and waste production, packaging, transportation, product use and product disposal. In order to calculate the amount of emissions and waste created during the life cycle of a product, much fundamental information is needed on manufacturing processes, materials and energy use. A life cycle inventory (LCI) is therefore compiled to record the emissions and resources consumed that can be attributed to a specific product. Databases have been developed that enable the user to input new information or data specific to their products and processes. Ecoinvent v3 (http //www.ecoinvent. org/database/) is probably the most comprehensive international LCI database. The ecoinvent database is included in most LCA software models. The following are some of the software suitable for LCA of plastics (O Neill, 2003) ... 

This reference lists plants and products for over 1300 companies by site. Information on capacity, process, and raw materials is included for major chemicals Manufacturers, production processes, quantities, feed chemicals, by-products, and substitute chemicals/processes. Over 10,000 chemicals covered Business survey which for each manufacturer lists numbers of employees, SIC classification, sales volume, plus about 20 other economic variables Reviews of industry, handbooks of trade associations, and census reports Contains information on chemical processes and technology on over 12,500 chemicals... 

Oxygen was used as the penetrant gas because of the negative effect it has on the quality of milk. The first experiment investigated the effect of a film s PET content on its oxygen permeability, and the second studied the influence of the draw ratio applied during manufacturing of the MFC. For more information on the process used to produce MFCs, refer to Chapter 11, S. Fakirov. 

You have been asked to evaluate several investment opportunities for the biotechnology cortpany for which you work. These potential investments concern a new process to manufacture a new, genetically engineered pharmaceutical. The financial information on the process alternatives are as follows. 

AlcohoKc beverages are perhaps the most important use for ethanol, other than its industrial uses and its use as a fuel. The use of pure ethanol in alcohohc beverages is likely limited because besides neutral spirits such as vodka, ethanol is but one of the many crucial ingredients of each distinctive beverage. Useful information on the processes for the manufacturing of alcoholic beverages can be found in the following references wine (Benda 1982), beer (Helbert 1982), and distilled spirits (Brandt 1982). 

McGraw-Hill. These journals, which contain much information on new processes, products and materials, are of great value to the manufacturing, sales and commercial sides of industry. 

---