Information-based personalized medicine

B. Robson and R. Mushlin. 2004. Genomic messaging system for information-based personalized medicine with clinical and proteome research applications. Journal of Proteome Research 3(5) 930-948. 

Furthermore, the recognition of variations across the different scales of spatial and temporal dimensions would enable the identification of shifting therapeutic targets to address both of the individual and the time variances in personalized medicine (see Fig. 1). Accurate and robust biomarkers can also be useful for the stratification of diseases and classification of patient subgroups for more effective prevention and therapy. The prediction of drug responses would in turn help avoid adverse events for better clinical outcomes. In addition, the construction of dynamic disease predictive networks derived from the analyses of omics data would allow for the transition from reactive treatments to holistic and proactive care. With the transformation from disease-centered to human-based care, the systems and dynamical models would provide patient-centric information to enhance the participation of individuals, the goal of participatory medicine. 

EBM (evidence-based medicine) A relatively recent movement in medicine, starting with Archie Cochrane in 1972, and promoted by David Sackett and colleagues. It emphasizes the importance of objective use of best possible evidence in making medical decisions, as opposed to personal experience, anecdotal evidence, and so-called expert opinion. The motivation is to reduce the medical accident rate due to bad diagnoses and therapy decisions, and hence it is of considerable current interest. Information-based medicine may be considered EBM as assisted by IT (and it is now hard to imagine EBM without it). 

Personalized medicine simply means the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual. It is usually based on pharmacogenetic, pharmacoge-nomic, and pharmacoproteomic information but other individual variations in patients are also taken into consideration. In case of cancer, the variation in behavior of cancer of the same histological type from one patient to another is also taken into consideration. Nanodiagnostics have also improved diagnosis of cancer, which is an important basis of personalized treatment. 

While the term personalized medicine is used widely in the literature to refer to the tailoring of an intervention for an individual based on specific (often genetic) information pertaining to that individual, in almost all cases, the term precision medicine... 

A semiconductor microcircuit is a series of electrically intercoimected films that are laid down by chemical reactions. The successful growth and manipulation of these films depend heavily on proper design of the chemical reactors in which they are laid down, the choice of chemical reagents, separation and purification steps, and the design and operation of sophisticated control systems. Microelectronics based on microcircuits are commonly used in such consumer items as calculators, digital watches, personal computers, and microwave ovens and in information processing units that are used in communication, defense, space exploration, medicine, and education. 

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