Inflammation blood macrophage

P5. Peled, A., Gonzalo, J. A., Lloyd, C., and Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C., The chemotactic cytokine eotaxin acts as a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during lung inflammation. Blood 91,1909-1916 (1998). 

Moreover,bioactive lipids maybe considered dual messengers they modulate cell functions as messengers and they become part of the response of the nervous tissue to injury, broadly referred to as the inflammatory response. This response occurs in ischemia-reperfusion damage associated with stroke, various forms of neurotrauma, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease. Inflammation in the nervous system differs from that in other tissues. If the blood-brain barrier is broken, blood-borne inflammatory cells (e.g. polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages) invade the intercellular space and glial cells are activated, particularly microglia, which play a prominent role in the inflammatory response. These responses may... 

The cell damage associated with inflammation acts on cell membranes to cause leukocytes to release lysosomal enzymes arachidonic acid is then liberated from precursor compounds, and various eicosanoids are synthesized. As discussed in Chapter 18, the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway of arachidonate metabolism produces prostaglandins, which have a variety of effects on blood vessels, on nerve endings, and on cells involved in inflammation. The lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism yields leukotrienes, which have a powerful chemotactic effect on eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages and promote bronchoconstriction and alterations in vascular permeability. 

There are thus various autoantibodies present, and if the auto-antigens are released by cellular breakdown, a type III immune reaction can occur where an immune complex is formed, which is deposited in small blood vessels and joints, giving rise to many of the symptoms. The immunoglobulins IgG and IgE act as both autoantibody and antigen, and hence immune complexes form. Such complexes stimulate the complement system leading to inflammation, infiltration by polymorphs and macrophages, and the release of lysosomal enzymes. 

Inflammation is part of the first line response of the immune system to infection. Inflammation is characterized by two main components an exudative response and a cellular response. The exudative response involves the local recruitment of fluid (edema, swelling), containing proteins such as fibrin and immunoglobulins. The cellular response involves the release of cytokines from resident cells such as fibroblasts and the invasion of white blood cells into the inflamed tissue. Leukocytes take on an important role in inflammation by clearing the site from bacteria and cellular debris. In chronic inflammation an increased extravasation of neutrophils, monocytes, activated T cells, and macrophages to the inflamed site will persist. 

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