Infiltration method

A similar infiltration method was used to form anodes with Cu-Co alloys as the electronically conducting phase, with Co added to enhance the anode catalytic activity without catalyzing carbon deposition [85], in contrast with Ni-Cu alloys, which were found to catalyze carbon deposition even when small quantities of Ni were present [86], The authors of the studies [84-86] have reported that the percolation of the infiltrated phases is incomplete following the processing of the cells, such that subsequent carbon deposition can actually serve to connect previously isolated islands of the metallic phase, thus increasing the electronic conductivity and decreasing Rs in the short term. Since carbon deposition was observed by the same authors to cause severe... 

Du FM, Guthy C, Kashiwagi T, Fischer JE, Winey Kl. An infiltration method for preparing singlewall nanotube/epoxy composites with improved thermal conductivity. Journal of Polymer Science PartB Polymer Physics. 2006 May 15 44(10) 1513-9. 

Each cDNA fragment was recloned into the binary plasmid pBE2113 containing a chimeric promoter E12n [23]. Arabidopsis plants were transformed by the vacuum infiltration method [24]. Transformant seeds were selected in the presence of 100 ng/ml kanamycin. 

The range of processing techniques that can be employed to produce FGMs is also broad [1]. Vapor-phase methods e.g., CVD, CVI, and PVD methods), liquid-phase methods e.g., electrodeposition, sol-gel, plasma spraying and molten metal infiltration methods), and a variety of solid-phase methods based on powder metallurgy are available. The solid-state methods include powder stacking techniques, powder infiltration techniques, slurry techniques e.g., sedimentation... 

The template materials discussed in this section are polymer gels and membranes. These organic matrices show that bulk hybrid or porous inorganic materials can be obtained using sol-gel or nanoparticle infiltration methods. 

In these studies, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films, NiO-i-YSZ cermet, and modified Lao.rSro.jMnOj (LSM) perovskite were used as electrolyte, anode and cathode, respectively. The details of the single cell preparation can be found elsewhere [7]. Specially, Ceo,gSmo,202-6 nano-grains were introduced to porous LSM backbone via a wet infiltration method to improve the cell performance in methane-oxygen mixture [7]. 

Closely related to the salt infiltration method discussed above is the utilization of metal alkoxide precursors in a sol-gel process to fill the interstitial sites in an opal template. The template is first infiltrated with an alkoxide (neat or as solution), then the hydrolysis and condensation reaction following the infiltration transforms the alkoxides into an extended network of the corresponding metal oxide. By this method Ti02 networks besides other oxides were initially prepared with a strong focus on their optical properties as photonic crystals [30,50]. For this purpose a high refractive index material is desired, which would be the rutile modification of titania with the highest refractive index. Nevertheless, the sol-gel procedure provides an amorphous or anatase modification with lower refractive index. By calcination of the anatase... 

The SiOC-Nextel 312 BN 2-D composites were fabricated as an 8-ply balanced lay-up using a six-step lamination and multiple pyrolysis/infiltration method ... 

In the sol gel process, smaller particles than in the slurry infiltration method are used and can be more easily homogenized into a system, which is nearly a monodisperse. This allows better penetration of the matrix into the fiber interstices, with less fiber damage and, moreover, is achieved at a lower working temperature. Unfortunately, the downside is that excessive shrinkage occurs, necessitating either repeat infiltrations or using a combination of sol gel and slurry methods [1]. 

Suzuki et al [37] compared electroless Ni and Cu coated carbon fiber reinforced with Al, fabricated by the centrifugal pressure infiltration method and found the average bending strength of the Cu plated Al composite (fiber Ff 33%) was 491 MPa whilst the Ni coated (fiber Ff 37.6%) was 278 MPa. 

The fabrication of Cu or Ni coated carbon fiber reinforced Al using a centrifugal pressure infiltration method has been described by a member of NIKKEI Techno-Research [88]. The centrifugal casting technique appears to be an innovative method of fabricating composite materials. 

Kyotani and coworkers [81] systematically demonstrated the preparation of micro-porous carbons using zeolite templates, whereas early studies [82-84] described the pyrolysis of carbon precursors to make carbon materials in the presence of zeolites. Subsequently, Mallouk and coworkers [85] employed zeolites Y, L, and P as templates to prepare microporous carbons with a specific surface area as high as 1580 m /g. It was reported that the zeolite template has a direct relationship with the structural and topological properties of the resultant carbon. Rodri-guez-Mirasol et al. [71] described the preparation of microporous carbons with a wide distribution of pore sizes, well-developed mesoporosity, and high adsorption capacity. Zeolite Y was used as template, and a chemical vapor infiltration method was employed to deposit carbon in the template pores. It was found that the apparent surface area of the resultant carbons increased with increasing deposition temperatures. Meyers et al. [72] synthesized porous carbon materials with a surface area of about 1000 m /g using zeolites Y, p, and ZSM-5 as templates and acrylonitrile, FA, pyrene, and vinyl acetate as carbon precursors. The template-encapsulated carbon precursors were pyrolyzed at 600 C, and the resultant materials were observed to be composed of disordered carbon arrays. 

Armstrong, T.J. Rich, J.G. Anode-supported solid oxide fuel-cells with Lao.6Sro.4Co03 5-Zro.84Yo.i602-5 composite cathodes fabricated by an infiltration method. J. Electrochem. Soc. 153 (2006), PP.A515-A520. 

FABRICATION OF SiC FIBER-REINFORCED SiC MATRIX COMPOSITES BY LOW TEMPERATURE MELT INFILTRATION METHOD USING Si-Hf AND Si-Y ALLOY... 

Fabrication of SiC Fiber-Reinforced SiC Matrix Composites by Low Temperature Melt Infiltration Method using Si-Hf and Si-Y Alloy Yosuke Okubo, Toyohiko Yano, Katsumi Yoshida, Takuya Aoki, and Toshio Ogasawara... 

---