Infection bacterial load

Antimicrobials also can be classified as possessing bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity in vitro. Bactericidal antibiotics generally kill at least 99.9% (3 log reduction) of a bacterial population, whereas bacteriostatic antibiotics possess antimicrobial activity but reduce bacterial load by less than 3 logs. Clinically, bactericidal antibiotics may be necessary to achieve success in infections such as endocarditis or meningitis. A full discussion of the application of antimicrobial pharmacodynamics is beyond the scope of this chapter, but excellent sources of information are available.15... 

The main parameters commonly used for monitoring the course of an experimental skin and soft tissue infection are the death or survival of the animal, the development and progression of the local skin lesion, and the removal of organs for determination of bacterial loads, immune response analysis, or histological evaluation. Survival curves can be constructed by monitoring the time of death of individual mice after bacterial inoculation (see Note 8). 

Neomycin is principally used topically for skin, eye and ear infections and, by some, to reduce the bacterial load in the colon in preparation for bowel surgery, or in hepatic failure. Enough absorption can occur from both oral and topical use to cause eighth cranial nerve damage, especially if there is renal impairment. 

Transmission of infection usually requires a high bacterial load of the inoculum to survive in the gastric lumen with acidity and overcome the defensive mechanisms of the intestinal mucosa. Bacterial load of 10 bacterial cells are required to cause infection. High bacteriae load is usually associated with high rates of infection and short incubation period. Subjects with gastric atrophy and low acidity, as the elderly, may develop infection with a lower bacterial load of 10 cells. 

Bennedsen, M. et al.. Treatment of//, pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes, Immunol. Lett, 70, 185,1999. 

Inflammation is another key phase in the wound healing process. Inflammation in the tissue is caused by bacterial infection around the wounded tissue. When the inflammatory response becomes excessive, it can drastically delay the wound repair process [87]. For example, if the level of infectious bacteria was not controlled well, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines would be prolonged, initiating the chro-nicity of wounds [88]. When the bacterial loads larger than 10 CFlMssue, the... 

Pseudomonas that cause skin infections, within 30 s by 2 ppm FAC at pH 7.4 (62). In a series of tests under stabilized conditions (50—100 ppm cyanuric acid), an initial concentration of 3 ppm FAC could not provide water that met the NSPI standards for bacteria or the maintenance of at least a 2 ppm FAC residual. Increasing the initial FAC to 4 ppm resulted in the bacterial criteria being met 100% of the time even when the FAC residual fell below 1 ppm. For heavy bather loads an initial FAC > 4 ppm is recommended. 

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