Infants diarrhoea

In moderate metabolic acidosis which occurs in cases of mild renal insufficiency, infant diarrhoea, diabetic ketosis etc. 

Traditionally it had been observed in Indonesia that tempe given during infant diarrhoea can reduce its severity and shorten its duration (Karyadi Lukito, 1996 Mahmud, Hermana, Karyadi, 1985 Soenarto, Sudigbia, Hermana, Karmini, Karyadi, 1997). This prompted a systematic study of the anti-diarrhoea effect of fermented soya, and the mechanism of this effect (Roubos-van den Hil, Nout, Beumer, van der Meulen, Zwietering, 2009). 

Escherichia coli is a cause of enteritis in young infants and the young of farm animals, where it can cause diarrhoea and fatal dehydration. It is a common infectant ofthe urinary tract and bladder in humans, and is a cause of pyelitis, pyelonephritis and cystitis. 

Ponnuvel KM, Rajkumar R, Menon T, Sanka-ranarayanan VS Role of Candida in indirect pathogenesis of antibiotic associated diarrhoea in infants. Mycopathologia 1996 135 145— 147. 

Lactase The disaccharide lactose is the only carbohydrate present in milk, which is essential for survival of an infant. Consequently, the enzyme lactase is essential for babies. Caucasians retain lactase activity into adulthood, whereas many Asian or African groups progressively lose its activity in adult life. This could, therefore, be described as an adult deficiency disease. Ingestion of milk in these individuals causes nausea, diarrhoea and stomach cramps. Symptoms disappear if milk is excluded from the diet or if a source of lactase is ingested along with or before ingestion of milk. The bacteria that are involved in the production of yoghurt contain the enzyme lactase. 

Babies under 3 months with diarrhoea and infants under 1 year presenting with diarrhoea that persists for more than 24 hours require referral. Diarrhoea accompanied by vomiting does not usually warrant referral unless the vomiting or diarrhoea are severe. 

Chronic diarrhoea may be due to enteric infection with parasitic or fungal organisms, drugs, malabsorption or inflammatory bowel disease. In severe cases it can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This can be a particular problem in infants, young children and the elderly. 

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide and every year it kills 600,000 children below the age of five. A new vaccine for rotavirus is about to be licensed, in the hope of saving tens of thousand of young lives. ... 

Problems of conscipation, diarrhoea and irritable bowel syndrome are common. Infective diarrhoeal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in infants and children.The management of these conditions is reviewed. 

C. parvum infections are often asymptomatic, but symptoms such as profuse watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting and fever are typical. The symptoms can last from several days to a few weeks in immunocompetent individuals, but in immunocompromised patients infection can become chronic, lasting months or even years. The mean infective dose for immunocompetent people is dependent on the strain of C. parvum but it is considered to be approximately 100 cells, and infants are more vulnerable to infection. Diarrhoea is a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity as well as malnutrition in developing countries. Cryptosporidium is the third most common cause of infective diarrhoea in children in such countries, and consequently it plays a role in the incidence of childhood malnutrition. 

Senna is secreted in breast milk and large doses may cause increased gastric motility and diarrhoea in infants, so it should therefore be avoided by nursing mothers. 

Saavedra, J.M., Bauman, N.A., Oung, I., Perman, J.A., and Yolken, R.H. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus, Lancet, 344,1046,1994. 

Water-soluble, volatile with steam. Gut effects vomiting and diarrhoea, meningitis-like symptoms. Bright red skin. Boiled lobster appearance bright red nails, fingers and toes. Skin exfoliates later. Lethal dose 15-20 g adults 3-5 g infants. 

Galactosaemia This delect is present in approximately 1 100 000 babies in the UK. A deficiency of galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase means that the baby cannot utilize the galactose component of the lactose which is present in milk. Such infants may present with failure to thrive, vomiting and diarrhoea and if untreated may die in the neonatal period or go on to develop liver disease, mental retardation, cataracts and renal tubular damage... 

Several other pharmacological actions have been documented from the Baccharis genus, some of which may be related to their traditional use. In developing countries, acute diarrhoeal disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in infants. In an interdisciplinary approach with the emphasis placed on ethnomedical and ethnobotanical studies, 141 plant species used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, especially diarrhoea associated... 

Casein hydrolsates used for infants suffering from diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, galactosaemia, malabsorption, phenylketonuria... 

Matsaniotis N, Messaritakis J, Vlachou C. HypopFothrombinaemic bleedii in infants associated witii diarrhoea and antibiotics. Arch Dis Child( 9nG) 45,586-7. 

Gastroenteritis infection with non-typhoidal salmonella often results in gastroenteritis indistinguishable from that caused by other bacterial or viral pathogens. It is usually self-limited, and fever and diarrhoea resolve within 3 and 7 days, respectively. In a minority of patients (<5%), particularly neonates, infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients, carriage of the pathogen and/or a bacteraemia is prolonged with endovascular or localised (intraabdominal, central nervous system, pulmonary) infections. 

There have been reports of diarrhoea in infants in Sweden that... 

Standard AIO admixtures are used in most adults patients. However, the patients requirements regarding calories and electrolytes may vary. Dialysis patients require restricted administration of electrolytes, however patients with severe diarrhoea need a higher amount of electrolytes. Standard parenteral nutrition admixtures cannot be used in severely ill paediatric patients, neonates and premature newborns. These patients need individualised admixtures. In premature infants and newborns the all-in-two system is preferred [53]. The lipid emulsion is mixed with the vitamin combination in a separate container and either administered with the amino acid/glucose/electrolyte admixture in parallel (Y-site) or via a separate venous access. 

Maffei HV, Metz G, Bampoe V, Shiner M, Herman S, Brook CG. 1977. Lactose intolerance, detected by the hydrogen breath test, in infants and children with chronic diarrhoea. Arch Dis Child 52 766-767. 

Wadstrom T. Streptococcus faecium M 74 in control of diarrhoea induced by a human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain in an infant... 

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