Infant mortality rate

Figure 3.2 Infant mortality rates (IMR) per 1 000 live births ...

Achievements in Public Health 1900 1999 Control of Infectious Diseases. Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control. 48, no. 29 (July 30, 1999) 621-629. Source for infant mortality rates. 

Birth defects and high infant mortality rate in mammals Behavioral changes in birds... 

Furthermore, health policy makers in Europe and Canada can point to widely respected statistics gathered annually by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, according to which the United States ranks remarkably low in the OECD on many standard health status indicators, such as the infant mortality rate, life expectancy at birth and at age 60, and potential years of life lost per 100,000 population, that is, life... 

Nickel as an essential element in ruminant nutrition has not been proved conclusive as of tile early 1980s. However, with nonruminants, some evidence indicates that certain species fed low-nickel diets have a greater infant mortality rate and a general degradation of the reproductive process (Nielsen, 1975 A nice et al., 1973). 

Figure 2. Infant mortality rate. Source Ministry of Health, Singapore, Annual Reports, 1996, 1997 and 1998. 

Distribution of population by age groups shows that Turkey is a young country. 31.7 percent of the population is between the ages of 1 and 14 63.5 percent is 15 to 64 and 4.8 percent 65 and over. This reflects an annual rate of population growth at 1.68 percent. Raw birth rate, infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth for females and males are 2.20 percent, 4.42 percent, 70.5 years and 65.9 years respectively (See Tables 1 and 2). 

Non-Hispanic Black and American Indians experience the highest infant mortality rates. In 2002, infant death ranged from a low of 3.0 per 1000 live births to Chinese mothers to a high of 13.8 for Black mothers. For the years 1995-2002, infant mortality rates for Black mothers ranged from 13.3 to 14.6 per 1000 and those for American Indians ranged from 8.3 to 10.0 per 1000. In contrast, rates for Whites over those same years were 5.7-6.3 per 1000. 

Other well-known factors also contribute to elevated risk of infant death. United States infant mortality rates increased significantly between 2001 and... 

At the present time, according to the World Health Organization, 35 countries have a lower infant mortality rate than the United States, including Cuba and Poland.6... 

Alexander, G. R., Wingate, M. S., Bader, D., Kogan, M. D. (2008). The increasing racial disparity in infant mortality rates composition and contributors to recent US trends. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198 51.61—51.69. 

World Health Organization. (2007b). Infant mortality rate, http // www.who.int/whosis/database/core/... 

In some countries, notably Japan, incineration is the major method of disposing of combustible waste products from domestic sources. Japan has over 5000 incinerators and most municipalities have their own installations. Until recently, there appeared to be little public protest about this disposal technique in Japan but recent reports have caused some concern about the environmental safety of incineration in heavily populated areas of Japan. Dioxin levels in the air are three times higher than in the USA and in some European countries. Perhaps more significantly, infant mortality rates are 40-70% higher downwind of Japanese incinerators than elsewhere and there is concern about the increase in dioxins in human milk. 

IV. Risk and post-crash injury outcome Different studies have shown that fatality rates are correlated with the level of medical facilities available in the country expressed in terms of population per physician and population per hospital bed, see (Jacobs Fouracre, 1977) and (Mekky, 1985). A review of a European study, in (WHO, 2004), showed that about half of deaths from road accidents occurred at the spot of the accident or on the way to the hospital. Noland (2003) concludes that medical care has led to reductions in traffic-related fatalities in developed countries over time (1970-1996). The variables used are infant mortality rates, physicians per capita, and average acute care days in hospital. 

The indicators included in RSDI measure road safety development in terms of direct (output or ends) and indhect (means or input). The direct indicators are derived measures e.g. fatalities rates (traffic risk and personal risk) and they are considered as good measures for explaining national road safety development. The indirect indicators are individual means in the way they can describe the development in a particular relevant theme to road safety. Many international indices include both terms in the same index. For example, the Composite Health Index includes infant mortality rates as an ou ut (dhect) indicator of health index. 

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