Inert chloride salts

It is frequently possible to use a relatively inexpensive inert chloride salt mixture to which the rare metal fluoride is added, when for example the latter is less hygroscopic or more easily produced than the corresponding chloride. Uranium tetrafluoride in a bath of potassium chloride/lithium chloride, or... 

The reaction can be driven to the tetraalkoxide stage by addition of an amine or ammonia to scavenge the Hberated hydrochloric acid. The amine or ammonium hydrochloride that forms can be filtered from the reaction mass and the tetraalkyl titanate purified by distillation. If the reaction is mn in the starting alcohol as solvent, the chloride salts formed are in a finely divided state and difficult to filter. When the reaction is mn in the presence of an inert hydrocarbon solvent such as heptane or toluene, a much more readily filterable salt is obtained. The solution of cmde tetraalkyl titanate can be distilled to remove solvent and give a pure product (1,2). 

Due to its ability to withstand high pressure, its relative low cost, and inertness, stainless steel has become the standard material of columns and other chromatographic components. However, under certain circumstances, stainless steel has been shown to interact with the sample and the mobile phase [39]. The best known example is chloride salt corrosion of stainless steel. Data indicate that nearly all common eluents dissolve iron from stainless steel [39]. It appears that proteins also adsorb to stainless steel [39], The adsorption process is fast, whereas desorption is slow, a result which leads to variable protein recoveries. A number of manufacturers are offering alternatives to stainless components with Teflon -lined columns and Teflon frits. Titanium is being explored as an alternative to stainless steel. A cheaper and simpler procedure is to oxidize the surface of the stainless steel with 6N nitric acid. This procedure should be repeated about every 6 months. 

With any endpoint detection system several practical considerations are important for reliable results. For example, the indicator electrode should be placed in close proximity to the flow pattern from the burette, so that a degree of anticipation is provided to avoid overrunning the endpoint. Another important factor is that the indicator electrode be as inert and nonreactive as possible to avoid contamination and erratic response from attack by the titration solution. A third and frequently overlooked consideration is the makeup of the reference electrode and, in particular, its salt bridge. For example, a salt-bridge system that contains potassium chloride can cause extremely erratic behavior of any electrochemical system if the titrant solution contains perchlorate ion (because of the precipitation of potassium perchlorate at the salt-bridge titrant-solution interface). Likewise, a potassium chloride salt bridge in a potentiometric titra-... 

Oxidation of Ferrous Salts.—Ferrous salts are readily converted into ferric derivatives in a variety of ways. Thus their solutions are gradually oxidised upon exposure to air, with the deposition of basic ferric salts. The rate of oxidation by air in the presence of free acids is, in the case of ferrous sulphate, proportional to the partial pressure of the oxygen.6 Hence the addition of inert soluble salts, such as the chlorides and sulphates of sodium, potassium, or magnesium, to the solution reduces the rate of oxidation in proportion as they decrease the solubility of the oxygen.7... 

Reaction of thioureas with phosgene is usually performed at room temperature in an inert solvent (such as benzene, chlorobenzene or 1,2-dichloroethane) in which the thiourea is soluble. By-products, if formed, are readily separated with ethoxyethane in which the chloroformamidinium chloride salts are insoluble. 

Plutonium metal is often purified by electrolytic refining the plutonium sample is immersed in a molten chloride salt under an inert atmosphere, comprising the anode in an electrolytic cell. Liquid Pu metal is collected on the surface of a tungsten cathode and drips off into a collector. Transition-metal contaminants remain in the residue of the anode, and rare earths and other actinides concentrate in the molten salt. The yield of purified Pu metal can be as high as 97%. Zone melting is also used to purify metallic plutonium the plutonium is fabricated into a bar along which a high-temperature zone is passed. As the melt zone is moved... 

Some fracturing fluids may include nitrogen and carbon dioxide to help foaming. Oil-based fluids find use in hydrocarbon-bearing formations susceptible to water damage, but they are expensive and difficult to use. Acid-based fluids use hydrochloric acid to dissolve the mineral matrix of carbonate formations (limestone and dolomite) and thus improve porosity the reaction produces inert calcium chloride salt and carbon dioxide gas. 

In most natural waters actinides are usually coordinated with hydroxide and carbonate ligands however, waters from ancient salt formations that are proposed as disposal sites for nuclear waste, such as the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico or the Gorleben site in Germany, are saturated with chloride salts. Chloride has been shown to affect the solubility and speciation of actinides significantly compared with their chemistry in inert electrolyte solutions ofsimilar ionic strengths. Radiolytic formation of hypochlorite in chloride brines may resnh in (he... 

For both the anilinium-porphyrins TAPCl and FeTAPCl, there is a major transition at 145 C and 215°C, respectively, which does not appear to occur when ion-exchanged into the corresponding clays. The total weight loss observed for the pure porphyrin chloride salts in this inert atmosphere is only about 60%. Note also that all the porphyrin-clay samples show a weight loss at roughly 650 C, which occurs about 60 C less than the pure clay dehydroxylation peak. 

Decomposition of tetrachloro-aluminium complexes in inert atmosphere. Thermal decomposition of the alkali metal tetrachloro-aluminium complexes and subsequent desorption of AICI3 should lead to a zeolite sample with only metal chloride salt deposited in the pores. The latter could be removed by washing with water. Starting from HY zeolite, the washing operation would even not be necessary. In practice, however, the situation is more complex. 

The most common fused salt baths are complex mixtures of alkah chlorides, rigorously purified and dried. Fused salt plating must be done under an inert atmosphere. Often argon is used because nitrogen can react with some metals. Inert anodes, eg, Pt-coated titanium or graphite, are used and the plating metal is suppHed by additions of an appropriate metal salt. 

Substitution at the Carbon—Chlorine Bond. Vinyl chloride is generally considered inert to nucleophilic replacement compared to other alkyl halides. However, the chlorine atom can be exchanged under nucleophilic conditions in the presence of palladium [7440-05-3] Pd, and certain other metal chlorides and salts. Vinyl alcoholates, esters, and ethers can be readily produced from these reactions. 

Unstable chlorides were converted to stable SnCU complexes. In their IR spectra there is an intense absorption band in the 1900 cm region, which is consistent with the band of allenic system (structure C). Unlike unstable chlorides A and B, the SnCl4 complexes are stable and, when kept in an inert atmosphere, remain intact for several days. The allenic structure of the immonium salt was confirmed by studying the mercuration of the same aminobutenynes (74DIS). 

Brit)J. Al(C104)3, mw 325.37, OB to A1203 HC1 +29.5% white delq cryst, mp decomps ca 300° (Ref 7), d 2.209g/cc (Ref 6) (for d of hydrates see below) CA Registry No 14452-39-2 Preparation. The anhyd salt is best prepd by the interaction of anhyd Al chloride and Ag perchlorate in an inert solv thus Ag perchlorate is heated to reflux in anhyd Me ale in a 3-necked flask protected from w, and anhyd Al chloride in Me ale added dropwise. The pptd Ag chloride is filtered off and the solv. stripped at 150° to give an almost quant yield of anhyd Al perchlorate. Benz or toluene may also be used as solvs (Ref 8). For prepn of hydrates see below. The anhyd salt cannot be prepd by removal of w from hydrates as decompn begins before all the w has been driven off (Ref 7)... 

In the Phadebas TM amylase test (72) (Pharmacia Labs) the substrate was a water insoluble cross-TTnked blue starch in tablet form which also contains some inert ingredients, sodium and potassium phosphate buffer salts and sodium chloride. This polymer was hydrolyzed by amylase into water soluble blue starch fragments. After centrifugation the absorbance of the blue supernatant was proportional to the activity of amylase present in the test samples. The day to day variation on a quality control serum had a coefficient of variation of 2.7% based on 30 days of data in our laboratory. The method is simple, reproducible and uses microquantities of serum. 

In general, the electrolysis of a molten salt at inert electrodes produces the metal at the cathode, e.g., calcium from calcium chloride (melting point 774 °C). The anion is often a halide ion which, on discharge, yields the halogen, e.g., chlorine from calcium chloride. 

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