Inductor coupling

The inductively coupled plasma [19] is excited by an electric field which is generated by an RF current in an inductor. The changing magnetic field of this inductor induces an electric field in which tire plasma electrons are accelerated. The helicon discharge [20] is a special type of inductively coupled RF discharge. 

The leakage inductance (represented by a small inductor in series with a winding) causes some flux not to couple with the core, but to escape into the surrounding air and materials. Its behavior is not governed by its associated transformer or inductor, hence any reflected impedance to the winding in question does not affect the behavior of the leakage inductor. 

Coupled reactions occur when the primary reaction results in an intermediate which enables the acceptor to react too. The main characteristic of this reaction is that the value of the induction factor is small, not exceeding 2 even under most favourable conditions for the induced change. Plotting F-, against the ratio of the initial concentrations of acceptor and inductor results in a curve having a limiting value. 

Coupled reactions take place when in the primary process a reactive intermediate is formed which enables the acceptor to react. The coupling intermediate can equally well be formed (a) from the actor and (h) from the inductor. 

Thus, Ip (inductor peroxide, primary oxide) derived from I d is converted by Ac d into the end-product, I(,x, which is inactive regarding the induction, i.e. coupling cannot turn into catalysis. Moreover, since there are several consecutive steps, and since the direct reaction between actor and acceptor is very slow, it follows that the value of Fj will not be changed by altering the ratio, ([Ac]/[I])o. However, in most cases studied the function Fj = /(Ac/I)q attains a limiting value, or at least varies therefore it has to be concluded that Manchot s concept cannot be maintained in its original form. 

So far possible processes leading to the occurrence of coupled reactions have been indicated. However, with regard to the nature of the reactive intermediates, it has been mentioned only that these, formed either from the actor or from the inductor, are more active than the actor itself. In the case of simpler systems, as was pointed out by Luther and Rutter , the knowledge of the coupling index makes it possible to estimate the quality (oxidation number) of the coupling intermediate. If a and co are the oxidation numbers of the actor before and after the reaction, and x is the oxidation number of the coupling intermediate, and furthermore, if only the acceptor reacts with the intermediate then... 

It was found by DeLury that the overall rate of reduction of chromate is practically unaffected by the concentration of iodide, i.e. the sum of the rates of formation of iodine and aresenic(V) is constant and just equal to the rate at which chromate is reduced in a raction mixture containing no iodide (Fig. 1). The rate of oxidation of arsenite at a sufficiently high concentration of iodide decreases to i of its original value this is in accordance with the value of ci = 2 found. Fig. 1 well illustrates the general feature of coupled reactions, that the reaction of the inductor is always inhibited by the acceptor. The induced oxidation of iodide can... 

It was observed by Gopala Rao and Sastri that the reaction between hydro-quinone and chromic acid leads to the induced oxidation of oxalic acid, glycerol, lactic acid, glucose, citric acid, and malic acid. If the concentrations of the above acceptors are cen times that of that of the hydroquinone inductor, the values of F found are, respectively, 0.51,0.46,0.35,0.27 and 0.17. The numerical values of the induction factor do not permit us to discuss the nature of coupling intermediate. 

Recommendation 7 (Figure 6-14) The divider needs to be physically close to the IC to avoid noise pickup along the feedback trace. The feedback trace doesn t run under the inductor or diode in particular, and is in fact kept at least a couple of millimeters away from the body of the diode. Also note that a test point has been created for this node, too. 

Mutual inductance requires two parts the inductors (L) and the coupling between the inductors (K). We will illustrate the use of the coupling part K with two circuits. The first circuit will have three inductors with unequal coupling. The second circuit will have four inductors with equal coupling. Wire the circuit shown below. The dots on the inductors are critical since they indicate the polarity of the mutual coupling. Make sure the dots on your schematic agree with the ones on the schematic shown. 

As a second example, we will illustrate a circuit with four inductors with equal coupling. In the previous example, two coupling parts were required because the coupling between the various inductors was different In this circuit, since the coupling between all inductors is to be the same, only one coupling part will be needed. We will not simulate the circuit. We will only illustrate how to use the coupling part. Wire the circuit below ... 

When you get the coupling part it will show only two inductors, LI and L2, as being coupled. Double-click the LEFT mouse button on the text LJLl L L2 to change its value ... 

If you scroll down through the dialog box, you will notice that you can name up to nine inductors. This part can be used to couple several inductors, all with the same coefficient of coupling. We would like to specify coupling between all inductors so we must enter the names of all of the inductors, each preceded by the text L. Type the text L Zil L L9 L LI 6 L L33. Note that we separate each value by a space. Enter the text exactly as shown ... 

Mutual inductance requires two parts the inductors (L) and the coupling (K). 

As compared to a parallel combination of a resistor and capacitor, the CPE is able to provide a much better fit to most impedamce data. The CPE can achieve this fit using only three parameters, which is only one parameter more than a typical RC couple. Some investigators allow a to take values from —1 to 1, thus treating the CPE as an extremely flexible fitting element. For a = 1, the CPE behaves as a capacitor for a = 0, the CPE behaves as a resistor and for a = —1 the CPE behaves eis an inductor (see Section 4.1.1). 

The output signal is the current through a load inductor, which is inductively coupled to the modulator. The single Josephson junction connected in series with the load acts as the signal limiter. 

Why did we say may above If we include the forward drops of the switch and diode in our calculation, we actually get a higher duty cycle than the 97% we got using the ideal equation D = Vq/Vin- The latter equation implicitly assumes Vsw = Vd = 0 (besides ignoring other key parasitics like the inductor s DCR). So the actual measured duty cycle in any application may well be a couple of percentage points higher than the ideal value. 

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