Indirect hemagglutination

Positive history of exposure and use of serology indirect hemagglutination test, ELISA (Chagas EIA, Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL), and complement fixation (CF) test. 

Elliott and Emmons (1971) described a passive indirect hemagglutination test, and a corresponding inhibition test for measuring residual chymosin in cheese. They also produced high titer antisera for E. parasitica protease and M. pusillus protease, and suggested that these enzymes could also by quantitatively detected in cheese. 

Elliott, J. A. and Emmons, D. B. 1971. Rennin detection in cheese with the passive indirect hemagglutination test. Can. Inst. Food Tech. J. 4, 16-18. 

Toxoplasma. The commonly used serologic tests for antibody to toxoplasma are the fluorescent antibody (FA) test and the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Table II shows a comparison of the RIA with these two tests. The most important point to be seen is the agreement between the RIA and the other tests in distinguishing positive and negative sera. 

In a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial, benznidazole 5 mg/kg/day for 60 days was compared with placebo in children in the indeterminate phase of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (1). In general, treatment was well tolerated. The treated children had a significant reduction in mean titers of antibodies against T. cruzi measured by indirect hemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence, and ELISA. At 4-year follow-up, 62% of the benznidazole-treated children and no placebo-treated chUd were seronegative for T. cruzi. Xenodiagnosis after 48 months was positive in 4.7% of the benznidazole-treated children and in 51% of the placebo-treated children. 

Leiby, D.A. et al. Serologic Testing for Trypanosoma cruzi Comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation assay with commercially available indirect immunofluorescence assay. Indirect hemagglutination assay, and enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay kits. J Clin Microbiol 2000 38 639-42. 

In the United States, immunization with the licensed vaccine induced an immune response, measured by indirect hemagglutination, to protective antigen in 83% of vaccinees 2 weeks after the first three doses,63 and in 91% of those tested after receiving two or more doses.50 One hundred percent of the vaccinees develop a rise in titer in response to the yearly booster dose. When tested by an en-... 

Surprisingly in two patients, the existence of IgE antibodies to polymyxin-B could be confirmed by indirect hemagglutination and passive transfer tests in monkeys (Lakin et al. 1975 a, b). From these results, it was inferred that the polymyxins with... 

Apart from antibodies detected by (a) the schizont-infected red cell agglutination test, (b) the agglutination of sporozoites, (c) complement fixation, (d) passive hemagglutination and by the direct and indirect immunofluorescent methods [for review, see reference (V4)], malarial antibodies have also been detected by malarial antigens prepared from heavily infected human placenta, infected human brain, and short-term in vivo cultures of cells from heavily parasitized subjects (Wll) (see Tables 7 and 8). 

In addition to the direct reaction of the antigen with antibody, techniques are available for performing indirect reactions. Antigens can be coupled chemically or via a tannic acid procedure to red blood cells. The antigen-coated erythrocytes in the presence of specific antibody then agglutinate (clump) as do red blood cells in the presence of antibody to the red blood cells (hemagglutination). 

In indirect or passive hemagglutination, the erythrocytes are used as a particulate carrier of foreign antigen (and in some tests of antibodies) this technique has wide applications. Other materials available in the form of fine particles, such as bentonite and latex, also have been used as antigen carriers, but they are more difficult to coat, standardize, and store. In a related variation of tliis technique, known as hemagglutination inhibition, the ability of antigens, haptens, or other substances to specifically inhibit hemagglutination of sensitized (coated) cells by antibody is determined. 

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