Indicators of Toxicity

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessment of skin and eye indtation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

DIARRHEA. When these dragp are used orally they occasionally result in excessive salivation, abdominal cramping, flatus, and sometimes diarrhea The patient is informed that these reactions will continue until tolerance develops, usually within a few weeks. Until tolerance develops, the nurse ensures that proper facilities, such as a bedside commode, bedpan, or bathroom, are readily available. The patient is encouraged to ambulate to assist the passing of flatus. If needed, a rectal tube may be used to assist in the passing of flatus. The nurse keeps a record of the fluid intake and output and tlie number, consistency, and frequency of stools if diarrhea is present. The primary health care provider is informed if diarrhea is excessive because this may be an indication of toxicity. 

Scott, G.R. and Sloman, K.A. (2004). Effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68, 369-392. 

Johansen, P.H., R.A. Mathers, and J.A. Brown. 1987. Effect of exposure to several pentachlorophenol concentrations on growth of young-of-year largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, with comparisons to other indicators of toxicity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 379-384. 

Stationary centers for indication of toxic chemicals that work online and are connected to the Health Disaster Anti Terrorist Management Centers. 

Mobile facilities for indication of toxic chemicals for investigating a potential area of a terrorist act. 

The animals receive a battery of clinical measurements, much like those people receive when they leave samples of blood and urine for testing after a medical examination. It turns out that body weight -reduced weight gain for growing animals or weight loss for adults -is a particularly sensitive indicator of toxicity. Its measurement does not provide much of a clue about the nature of the toxic effect that is occurring, but it is considered an adverse response in and of itself. In some cases it is due to reduced food consumption (and this is why food consumption is measured carefully), because the addition of the... 

McFarling also failed to find any evidence of chromosome damage or congenital defects. There were no cases of leukemia a commonly used indicator of toxicity. Subjects who claimed LSD-related infirmities listed a great... 

The tolerability and safety of TCS have been evaluated in human volunteers with little indication of toxicity or sensitization. Clinical data demonstrated that TCS was not a dermal or oral mucosal irritant and was shown to have very low sensitization/allergenic potential at concentrations found in PCPs (<1%) [149]. 

Animals, usually rodents, are exposed to a test substance by an appropriate route (usually oral or intraperitoneal injection, other routes may be appropriate) followed by administration of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). At least five female and five male animals per experimental and control group should be used. For an initial assessment, one dose of the test substance may be used, the dose being the maximum tolerated dose or that producing some indication of toxicity as evidenced by animal morbidity (including death) or target cell toxicity. For determination of dose-response, at least three dose levels should be used. A compound known to produce SCE in vivo should be employed as the positive control. A spindle inhibitor (e.g., colchicine) is administered prior to sacrifice. After sacrifice, tissue is obtained and metaphase preparations made, stained, and scored for SCE. 

The Russian literature indicates that rats exposed 4 hours/day to 1 mg/m for 11 months showed no outward indications of toxicity, but there was decreased diuresis, as well as some protein excretion in the urine. MCT penetrated the tails of rats and caused death. 

As discussed in Section 2.2, estimates of levels of exposure to 2-hexanone posing minimal risk to humans (MRLs) were to have been made, where data were believed reliable, for the most sensitive noncancer effect for each route and exposure duration. Flowever, no MRLs could be derived for 2-hexanone. No data were located on effects of acute-duration or chronic-duration inhalation exposure to 2- hexanone in humans or animals. Available information concerning effects of intermediate-duration inhalation exposure in humans and animals identifies neurological effects as the most sensitive indicator of toxicity, but this information does not reliably identify the threshold for this effect. Therefore, no inhalation MRLs were derived. Available information on acute-duration oral exposure in animals does not identify the most sensitive effect, and while available information on intermediate-duration oral exposure to 2-hexanone in animals suggests that neurotoxicity may be the most sensitive effect, data do not reliably identify the threshold for neurotoxicity. No information was located on effects of chronic-duration exposure to 2-hexanone in humans or animals. Therefore, no oral MRLs were derived. Acute-duration, intermediate-duration, and chronic-duration dermal MRLs were not derived for 2-hexanone due to the lack of an appropriate methodology for the development of dermal MRLs. 

Any findings indicative of toxicity to reproduction should be explained thoroughly and supplemented with tables of relevant data if there is any concern for the safety of the product. If any findings are considered not to be indicative of a risk to patients, then a full justification of the scientific reasoning behind that judgement should be provided. 

Determination of the main indicators of toxicity, as carbon nanotubes can cause different toxic effects. 

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