INDEX minimum

Calculate the RGA, Niederlinski index, minimum singular value, and condition number of the following matrix of steady-state gains. 

TABLE 8. Refinement factor R(%), mean electronegativities e 5 ) (eV) atomic sizes r(M) (pm), Mulliken electronegativities (eV), Ewald summation indexes p, Ewald summation parameters K (A ), Madelung energies M (eV), ionicity indexes / (%), minimum interatomic distances Rmin (pm) and Madelung constants Rmin) of the eleven pyrosilicates displayed in figure 8. ( ) Mg values (KBa) = 198 pm, exo (Ba) = 1.81 eV). 

LOI Limiting oxygen index, minimum oxygen content in admixture with nitrogen to sustain combustion of specified material under strictly controlled conditions. 

ASTM D2863 Oxygen Index - Minimum oxygen eoneentration to support eandle-like combustion. 

Note I—This test method is temporarily retained because the proposal to the U.S. EPA to control diesel fuel aromatics concentrations via a 40 Calculated Cetane Index minimum is based on the correlation between Test Method D 976 and aromatics concentration. Test Method D 4737 is the preferred method as estimator of cetane number. Test method D 976 is intended to be letter balloted for withdrawal from the book of standards in 1993. 

Several precautions can be taken to assure a good estimate of the tme surface temperature. As indicated in Eq. (8.5.1), the emissivity normally depends on the wavenumber. With a spectrometer or multichaimel radiometer one may search for a dispersion region of the surface material where the refractive index varies strongly with wavenumber (see Subsection 3.7.b). Near the index minimum the emissivity has a maximum. In addition to the composition the emissivity strongly depends on particle size and surface texture. A spectral search for an emissivity maximum is an improvement over the use of an arbitrarily chosen spectral interval. The maximum in the Martian brightness temperature near 1280 cm , shown in the upper spectrum of Fig. 6.2.8, may be an example of such a case. 

Specifications and Analytical Methods. The commercial aqueous solution is specified as 34% minimum butynediol, as determined by bromination or refractive index. Propargyl alcohol is limited to 0.2% and formaldehyde to 0.7%. 

Another property, used to compare the flammabiUty of textile fibers, is the limiting oxygen index (LOI). This measured quantity describes the minimum oxygen content (%) in nitrogen necessary to sustain candle-like burning. Values of LOI, considered a measure of the intrinsic flammabiUty of a fiber, are Hsted in Table 2 in order of decreasing flammabiUty. 

Limiting Oxygen Index. The minimum concentration of oxygen in an O2/N2 mixture that supports combustion of a vertically mounted test specimen is called the limiting oxygen index (3,4). Test specimens are 0.65 x 0.3 cm x 12.5 cm. The principal advantage of this test is its reproducibiUty which makes it useful for quaUty control. The main disadvantage is that the results rarely correlate with the results of other fire tests. 

Diesel Fuel. Eederal diesel specifications were changed to specify a maximum of 0.05% sulfur and a minimum cetane index of 40 or a maximum aromatics content of 35 vol % for on-road diesel. Eor off-road diesel, higher sulfur is allowed. CARB specifications require 0.05% sulfur on or off road and 10% aromatics maximum or passage of a qualification test. Process technologies chosen to meet these specifications include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and aromatics saturation. 

Elame-spread and smoke-density values, and the less often reported fuel-contributed semiquantitive results of the ASTM E84 test and the limited oxygen index (LOI) laboratory test, are more often used to compare fire performance of ceUular plastics. AH building codes requite that ceUular plastics be protected by inner or outer sheathings or be housed in systems aH with a specified minimum total fire resistance. Absolute incombustibHity cannot be attained in practice and often is not requited. The system approach to protecting the more combustible materials affords adequate safety in the buildings by aHowing the occupant sufficient time to evacuate before combustion of the protected ceUular plastic. 

Other terms relating to physical properties include viscosity refractive index pour point, ie, the lowest temperature at which the oil flows flash point, ie, the temperature at which the oil ignites and aniline point, ie, the minimum temperature at which equal volumes of oil and aniline are completely miscible. These are determined under defined conditions estabHshed by ASTM. 

Fig. 1. Blood—drug concentration curve used to determine bioavailabiLitv and bioequivalence. C is the maximum dmg concentration in the blood and corresponds to some The AUC (shaded) represents the total amount of orally adininistered dmg the time from points A to B represents dmg onset, from points B to D, the duration MEC = minimum effective concentration MTC = minimum toxic concentration and TI = therapeutic index.

ASTM D2863, Test MethodforMeasuring the Minimum Ouygen Concentration to Support Candle-Eike Combustion of Plastics Ouygen Index), Vol. 8.02, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991. 

The minimum polydispersity index from a free-radical polymerization is 1.5 if termination is by combination, or 2.0 if chains ate terminated by disproportionation and/or transfer. Changes in concentrations and temperature during the reaction can lead to much greater polydispersities, however. These concepts of polymerization reaction engineering have been introduced in more detail elsewhere (6). 

T and are the glass-transition temperatures in K of the homopolymers and are the weight fractions of the comonomers (49). Because the glass-transition temperature is directly related to many other material properties, changes in T by copolymerization cause changes in other properties too. Polymer properties that depend on the glass-transition temperature include physical state, rate of thermal expansion, thermal properties, torsional modulus, refractive index, dissipation factor, brittle impact resistance, flow and heat distortion properties, and minimum film-forming temperature of polymer latex... 

Thermal Properties. Thermal properties include heat-deflection temperature (HDT), specific heat, continuous use temperature, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and flammability ratings. Heat-deflection temperature is a measure of the minimum temperature that results in a specified deformation of a plastic beam under loads of 1.82 or 0.46 N/mm (264 or 67 psi, respectively). Eor an unreinforced plastic, this is typically ca 20°C below the glass-transition temperature, T, at which the molecular mobility is altered. Sometimes confused with HDT is the UL Thermal Index, which Underwriters Laboratories estabflshed as a safe continuous operation temperature for apparatus made of plastics (37). Typically, UL temperature indexes are significantly lower than HDTs. Specific heat and thermal conductivity relate to insulating properties. The coefficient of thermal expansion is an important component of mold shrinkage and must be considered when designing composite stmctures. 

Motors rated 7500 kW and less must be considered suitable for dielectric tests or operation only when the polarization index or the value of the insulation resistance (at 40°C) is at least the minimum recommended values. 

Motors rated above 7500 kW must have both the polarization index and the insulation resistance above the minimum recommended values. 

---