INDEX experimental conditions effects

TAC of body fluids (especially of blood plasma) has been increasingly broadly assayed as an index of the redox status of the body in healthy individuals and in various disease states. Many studies have been devoted to the effect of nutrition on TAC of blood plasma. These studies have often yielded inconsistent results, partly due to differences in the methods of assay and to different experimental conditions. 

Melon, Cucumis melo, is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and grows best in tropical regions. The pulp of the fruit has pleasant flavor and taste, and the seeds are generally treated as waste however, medicinal effects have been reported for the seeds (24, 25). Hexane-extracted seed oil of Cucumis melo hybrid AF-522 was determined to contain 64 g of linoleic acid per 100 g of total fatty acids (Table 4) (24). Significant amounts of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were also detected in the melon seed oil. The specific gravity (28°C), refractive index (28°C), and iodine value of the seed oil were 0.9000, 1.4820, and 112, respectively, under the experimental conditions (24). Earlier in 1986, Lazos (25) extracted the oil from Cucumis melo seeds and examined its physicochemical properties (25). Linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid and accounted for 64.6% of the total fat (w/w), along with 20.1% oleic acid, and 14.7% total saturated fatty acids (Table 4). Iodine value and refractive index (40°) of the seed oil were 124.5 and 1.4662, respectively. 

The index k runs over all measured values of the intensity I. This equation does not contain the index i of the experimental chemical shift, because to the intensity at some points of the spectrum may consist of contributions from several nuclear sites. On the other hand, we can only analyze spectra in which the intensities are not biased by experimental conditions such as cross polarization effects. Furthermore, the method only seems to make sense in solid state NMR investigations with broad overlapping lines. 

Generally, for a qualitative analysis of heterogeneous samples the results will hardly be influenced by this phenomenon. For quantitative analysis, however, the effect must be taken into account. By using another reflection element, for example, germanium with a higher refractive index (4.0 instead of 2.4 for ZnSe), the gradient would be much smaller (about one-third), because of the lower penetration depth under these experimental conditions. 

The experimental conditions were essentially the same as in the previous study by Prinzel et al. (1997) with one primary difference. Because Prinzel, Pope and their colleagues found the index beta/(alpha + theta) to be the most sensitive in two prior studies, only that index was used in this experiment. Once again, RMSE scores for the tracking task were analyzed to examine the effects of both workload and feedback conditions on tracking performance. 

Variants of these techniques are the Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS or Mirage effect) and Photothermal Displacement Spectroscopy (102). These techniques are based on deflection of a light beam due to refractive index gradients either In a fluid (or air) in contact with a light absorbing solid or in the solid itself. If the fluid is inert the technique can be used to measure absorption spectra of solid materials and transport properties. A version of these techniques was applied to electrochemical and photoelectrochemical systems (103). The authors describe the experimental conditions needed to separate the contributions from the temperature and concentration gradients. Once this is done the results can be correlated with the kinetics and mechanism of the electrochemical reactions. 

This result shows that electroosmotic flow and backflow in the capillary cancel when the factor (2r1/R — 1) equals zero. This condition corresponds to r/Rc = 0.707. Thus at 70.7% of the radial distance from the center of the capillary lies a circular surface of zero liquid flow. Any particle tracked at this position in the capillary will display its mobility uncomplicated by the effects of electroosmosis. This location may also be described as lying 14.6% of the cell diameter inside the surface of the capillary. Experimentally, then, one establishes the inside diameter of the capillary and focuses the microscope 14.6% of this distance inside the walls of the capillary. Corrections for the effect of the refractive index must also be included. Additional details of this correction can be found in the book by Shaw (1969). 

---