Independent voltage source

We will now create a schematic. The first part we will get is an independent voltage source. All parts are retrieved using the procedure outlined below. First, click the LEFT mouse button on the Place menu selection ... 

If you know the name of the part you want to place, you can type the part name in the box. Most independent voltage sources start with the letter v. Type the letter v. The left-center pane will display the parts that begin with the letter v ... 

The schematic for the window detector circuit is shown in Fig. 6.35. The input signal is modeled by the independent voltage source V IN. The power supplied to the LM111 components in the circuit is 10 V DC. The emitter outputs of the comparators are tied to VEE, which... 

In order to model this in the SPICE programs, the set input was pulsed using an independent voltage source and the following command ... 

The frame with the film is fixed to the translation stage of a reflecting polarizing microscope. Thanks to the x, y motion of the frame, any portion of the film can be positioned above the system of electrodes. The system of electrodes is supplied by two independent voltage sources so that the direction of a dc field can be chosen arbitrarily or a rotating electric field can... 

Static eliminating devices that ionize the atmosphere around the device are available. Static eliminators are divided into two main groups silent (corona) discharge eliminators, such as inductive eliminators, or high voltage eliminators which initiate an impact ionization of the air by applying strong electrostatic fields, and radioactive eliminators that provide a multitude of ions from independent ion sources (9). 

The inverter may be a current source inverter, rather than a voltage source inverter (.Section 6.9.4) since it will be the rotor current that is required to be vtiried (equation (1.7)) to control the speed of a wound rotor motor, and this can be independently varied through the control of the rotor current. The speed and torque of the motor can be smoothly and steplessly controlled by this method, without any power loss. Figures 6.47 and 6.48 illustrate a typical slip recovery system and its control scheme, respectively. 

Electronic instrumentation is available for the measurement of D.C. and A.C. voltage, current and power as well as impedance. Such instruments usually have higher sensitivities, operating frequencies and input impedance than is normally found in the electromechanical instrumentation described above. However, they may need to incorporate amplifiers and they invariably need power to operate the final display. Hence, an independent power source is needed. Both mains and battery units are available. The accuracy of measurement is very dependent on the amplifier, and bandwidth and adequate gain are important qualities. 

The microhotplate temperature is measured using a polysilicon resistor as temperature sensor (Ry). The resistor is biased with a temperature-independent current source (Free). The voltage drop across the resistor is low-pass filtered and converted to the digital domain using a 10-bit successive-approximation ADC from the analog library of austriamicrosystems (Unterpremstatten, Austria). The inputs of the digi-... 

V Zener diode Independent piece-wise linear voltage source ... 

This is schematically illustrated in Figure 6.3. Per definition, the Fermi energy is a true bulk property and independent from the specific surface conditions. EF and 6(r) are however influenced by external means, such as a connection to a voltage source with respect to 0 V. The work function , however, is not influenced by such external means, but depends on the other hand strongly on the surface conditions. 

The entire valve, located outside the oven is independently heated and insulated from the column oven via 1/2" Cole Palmer flexible heating cord (Cole Palmer Instrument Co., Chicago, IL). Heating is controlled via a thermocouple and an Electronic Control Systems (Model No. 800-262) temperature controller coupled to a Glas-Col variable AC voltage source (Glas-Col Apparatus Co., Terre Haute,... 

Several transparent electrode materials were tried, including indium-tin oxide, or 5-nm-thick layers of Cr or Nb. Although the thin-metal films have an optical density of 0.2 - 0.3, they produce less debris on the surface during laser writing. The opposite electrode was typically a 20-30-nm-thick film of Cr or Nb deposited by evaporation or ion-beam deposition, respectively. For test purposes, this layer was patterned with a shadow mask in 3.5-mm-diameter circles that could be connected independently to the voltage source. 

The photoconductor is a 1.8- m-thick film of reactively sputtered a-Si H. This film was deposited under the same condition as described in the preceding section. The second conductor layer was deposited through a shadow mask to produce 3.5-mm-diameter circles that could be connected independently to the voltage source. Finally, a 1.5-/im-thick layer of positive photoresist (Shipley 1350J) was applied by spinning at 6000 rpm for 30 sec. This polymer film was baked for 30 min at 70 °C. Small contact areas were opened by conventional exposure and development process, and the sample was again backed for 30 min at 70°C. 

The series of equations in the form of [/][/] = V71 can be established by equating the sum of the externally applied voltage sources acting in each loop to the sum of the voltage drops across the branches forming the loop. The number of equations is equal to the number of independent loops in the network. The general equation in loop or mesh analysis is given by... 

The limitations caused by serial charging of the DC condensers can be overcome by different arrangements, in which stages of the voltage sources are fed parallel, that is, each of them receive AC voltages to be rectified independently, and only the DC outputs of the stages are connected in series for their voltages to be summed up. 

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