In Zimbabwe

The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, Transvaal, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. 

Extensive PGM deposits, similar geologically to the Bushveld Complex, exist on the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe. There has been extensive exploration in the 1990s, but as of this writing (1995) exploitation has been delayed. Should the operation proceed, it has been estimated that Zimbabwe could produce up to 4.7 tons of platinum, 3.4 tons of palladium, and 0.35 tons of rhodium annually. 

Tannin adhesives are the class of modified natural adhesives which are used and have been used industrially for more than 25 years, mainly in South Africa and Australia, but also in Zimbabwe, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and New Zealand. It is mainly the still limited raw material supply that limits their use to approximately 30,000 tons resin solids per year [16,17]. 

U.S. homes are powered entirely by PV. A large number of homes in Japan, where consumer electricity rates are three times higher than in the U.S., have roof-integrated PV systems. Half a million PV systems have been installed in developing countries by the World Bank. More than 10,000 have been installed in Sri Lanka, 60,000 in Indonesia, 150,000 in Kenya, 85,000 in Zimbabwe, 40,000 in Mexico, and... 

In all 10 countries, licensing of manufacturing, product assessment and registration, GMP inspection, import controls and control of product quality are determined by legislation. Licensing of importation and wholesale trade is not required in Cuba and Cypms, however. In Zimbabwe, a licence is required for wholesale trade. 

Regulation of medicines in Zimbabwe started in 1969, with the promulgation of the Dmgs and Allied Substances Control Act, Chapter 320. This Act created the Dmgs Control Council (a body corporate), which started operations in 1971. The 1997 amendment transformed the Dmgs and Allied Substances Control Act into the Medicines and Allied Substances Control Act (MASCA), Chapter 15 03, which established the Medicines Control Agency of Zimbabwe (MCAZ), with increased authority. 

The TGA in Australia, the MEB in the Netherlands and the Medicines Control Agency in Zimbabwe are financed entirely by the fees and charges they collect. Unlike the countries mentioned above, these dmg regulatory authorities have full powers to dispose of the revenue they collect. And because their financial viability depends on the revenue they generate, fees and charges reflect the real cost of services. 

In Zimbabwe, the employment of unlicensed pharmaceutical sales representatives by some importing companies can perhaps be attributed to the fact that no import permit is required for importing registered dmg products. Therefore, once a company registers a product, any other company can also import and distribute that product using unregistered sales representatives. 

Job enlargement and job enrichment methods may also be employed. The multiskilling approach used in Zimbabwe is one such strategy. The MCAZ streamlines its procedures and uses teamwork in the performance of dmg regulatory functions. Staff are trained to handle multiple functions. 

These discoveries led to the simple traps that are now used to monitor tsetse flies and to control them. A test operation in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s gave dramatic evidence of how potent such traps can be. Insecticide-impregnated screens, baited with acetone and octenol, were distributed at a density of four screens per square kilometer. These traps reduced tsetse populations by more than 99.99 percent over an area of 600 square kilometers (230 square miles). The screens are even more effective when the urine-derived phenols are added to the attractants employed. Their effectiveness having been clearly demonstrated, traps and screens have become important complements to insecticide-based measures for controlling tsetse flies. 

In a new development following the emergence of methcathinone abuse in Southern Africa, an attempt to divert 100 kg of ephedrine, an immediate precursor of methcathinone, was uncovered in South Africa when the substance was ordered for delivery to Zimbabwe. The shipment was stopped prior to the identification of the suspects or the laboratory involved. It is therefore unclear whether the illicit drug laboratory was located in Zimbabwe or whether the substance was to have been smuggled back into South Africa to laboratories already existing in that country. 

Spickett, A. M., Kierans, J. E., Norval, R. A. I., and Clifford, C. M. (1981). Ixodes matopi, new species (Acarina Ixodes) a tick found aggregating on preorbital gland scent marks of the klipspringer in Zimbabwe. OnderstepoortJournal of Veterinary Research 48,23-30. 

Nhachi C, Kasilo O. 1994. Household chemicals poisoning admissions in Zimbabwe main urban centers. Human and Experimental Toxicology 13(2) 69-72. 

Ball DE, Tagwireyi D, Maponga CC. Drug information in Zimbabwe 1990-1999. Pharm World Sci 2007. 

Rubidium [7440-17-7/, Rb, is an alkali metal, ie, in Group 1 (IA) of the Periodic Table. Its chemical and physical properties generally He between those of potassium (qv) and cesium (see Cesium and cesium compounds Potassium compounds). Rubidium is the sixteenth most prevalent element in the earth s cmst (1). Despite its abundance, it is usually widely dispersed and not found as a principal constituent in any mineral. Rather it is usually associated with cesium. Most rubidium is obtained from lepidolite [1317-64-2], an ore containing 2—4% rubidium oxide [18088-11-4]. Lepidolite is found in Zimbabwe and at Bemic Lake, Canada. 

Gelfand, M. Mavi, S. Drummond, R.B. Ndemera, B. The Traditional Medical Practitioner in Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, 1985. 

Chromium occurs chiefly as chromite (ferrous chromite). Fe(CrOy)-. in Zimbabwe, the Republic of South Africa, the former USS.R, New Caledonia. India. Philippine Islands. Japan, Turkey. Greece. Cuba, and California. (I I Healing chromite in the elcclric furnace with carbon yields ferrochrume for alloys, and (2) when chromite is heated with sodium earhonale and nilralc. sodium chromate is formed, which is then extracted with HyO. This is the substance from which chromium compounds are obtained. See also Chromite. 

Mason, P.R. and Patterson, B.A. (1 994) Epidemiology of Hymenolepis nana infections in primary school children in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe, journal of Parasitology 80, 245-250. 

Norval RAI, Sonenshine DE, Allan SA, Burridge MJ (1996) Efficacy of Pheromone-Acaricide-Impregnated Tail-Tag Decoys for Controlling the Bont Tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari Ixodidae), on Cattle in Zimbabwe. Exp Appl Acarol 20 31... 

Sometimes clay layers are inserted into mine tailings piles (e.g. Globe and Phoenix Mine in Zimbabwe) or piles are capped or surrounded with clay or plastic liners. The liners and caps are installed to reduce the infiltration of air and oxygenated water, and hinder the formation of mine drainage (Williams, 2001), 275. 

Many African data were due to the variant CYP2D6 17 which has reduced activity. This variant occurred with an allele frequency of 37% in Zimbabwe, of 17% in Tanzania, and in 9% in Ethiopia (8). The reduced enzyme activity in Asia is due to a different variant, CYP2D6 10 characterized by C188T, which has in China a frequency of 51%. Besides their generally reduced activity, the Asian and African variants have no similarity. The activities of these variants towards different substrates requires much additional investigation. 

One of the features of areas of the world that have had naturally occurring toxic soils for many thousands or millions of years is that these soils often support species that are found nowhere else so-called edaphic endemics (Kruckeberg and Rabinowitz, 1985). Examples of such soils include the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe and serpentine soils in many areas of the world. It has been argued on many occasions (eg, Proctor and Woodell, 1975 Kruckeberg, 1984) that the phenomenon of metal tolerance provides a model of how these species may have started on the evolutionary route that finally led to full edaphic endemism. 

UNICEF (2005b) A study on street children in Zimbabwe. New York, United Nations Children s Fund (http //www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/ZIM 01-805.pdf). 

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