In myoblasts

Cogan JG, Sun S, Stoflet ES, Schmidt LJ, Getz MJ, Strauch AR 1995 Plasticity of vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin gene transcription. Characterization of multiple, single-, and double-strand specific DNA-binding proteins in myoblasts and fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 270 11310-11321... 

After promising results in experimental models of myocardial ischemia (58,59), multiple clinical trials were initiated. As in 2005, data from six clinical trials applying BM or peripheral blood-derived stem cells in patients with chronic HF and seven trials in patients with AMI were published (Tables 2 and 3). Stamm et al. injected 1.5 X 106 AC 133 + BM stem cells into the infarct borderzone of patients, who underwent concurrent CABG. However, in contrast to myoblast studies, this study examined patients treated shortly after AMI. Atotal of 12 patients were treated, and they showed increased perfusion in treated areas and improved LV dimensions and EF compared with the controls (10,60). Further, unlike patients in myoblast trials, the improvements in this trial occurred without any incidence of electrical abnormalities. Whether this represents a difference in patient population, cell type, or even cell dose, remains unknown. 

Fan Y Maley M, Beilharz M, Grounds M. Rapid death of injected myoblasts in myoblast transfer therapy. Muscle Nerve... 

Occhiodoro T, Bernheim L, Liu J, Bijlenga P, Sinnreich M, Bader CR, Fischer-Lougheed J (1998) Cloning of a human ether-a-go-go potassium channel expressed in myoblasts at the onset of fusion. FEBS Lett 434 177-182... 

FIGURE 45.3. The effects of DFP on the HSP 27 and HSP 70 levels in myoblast, myoblasts in fusion, and myotube cultures. Levels of HSP 27 and 70 were determined 24 h after addition of DFP at the 10 M concentration. They were quantitated by Western blot with Chemi Genius Biolmaging System (Syngen, Cambridge, UK). Significant difference (Student t-test, p < 0.05 n — 4) between control and DFP-treated cultures was observed in all determinations except for HSP 70 in myoblasts. 

Rab [87], and Rap [84], For example, statins induce apoptosis at concentrations that suppress the prenylation of Rap la (a 21 kDa GTPase) [84], and Itagaki et al. have shown that this process is accompanied by the redistribution of small G proteins in myoblasts [88], It remains unclear, however, whether the altered prenylation of small G-proteins is necessary and sufficient to produce myopathy in vivo, or whether myocyte apoptosis is first activated by disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis following mitochondrial injury. 

Yagami-Hiromasa T, Sato T, Kurisaki T, et al A metalloprotease-disintegrin participating in myoblast fusion. Nature 1995 377 652-656. (NC)... 

Recently, several novel members of the cadherin family have been discovered M-cadherin in mouse embryonic skeletal muscle [35,36], R-cadherin in neuronal cells [37] and T-cadherin in myoblasts [38]. The structure of T-cadherin (Fig. 4) is of special interest. This cadherin in its mature form lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of classical cadherins and is integrated into the membrane by a GPl anchor. Although T-cadherin is a severely truncated form and additionally lacks an HAV sequence in the El domain it appears to be functional. Transfection of cDNA encoding T-cadherin into a cell devoid of cadherin expression confers calcium-dependent aggregation on the cells [38]. The mechanism of T-cadherin adhesion is intriguing and presumably is independent of interactions with catenins and direct coupling with actin filaments. 

Suarez Korsness, M. et al., Apoptotic events induced by yessotoxin in myoblast cell lines from rat and mouse, Toxicol In Vitro, 20, 1077, 2006. 

Korsnes M.S. et al. Induction of apoptosis by YTX in myoblast cell lines via mitochondrial signalling transduction pathway, Toxicol. In Vitro 20, 1419, 2006. 

Merly, F., Huard, C., Assehn, I., Robbins, P.D., Tremblay, J.P., 1998. Anti-inflammatory effect of transforming growth factor-betal in myoblast transplantation. Transplantation 65, 793-799. 

Vesa J, Su H, Watts GD et al. (2009) Valosin containing protein associated inclusion body myopathy abnormal vacuolization, autophagy and cell fusion in myoblasts. Neuromuscul Disord 19(11), IbG-ni. 

Most of the contractile and s)maptic muscle proteins cannot be detected before formation of myotubes. Conversely, AChE is already expressed in the myoblast stage (Tennyson et al., 1971 Grubic et al., 1995). Although its function in this earliest stage of muscle ontogenesis is not known, it can only be noncholinergic or noncatalytic because other components of the cholinergic system are not present in myoblasts (Meshorer and Soreq, 2006). 

To further explore the role of ACliE in myoblasts, we followed various functional parameters in human myoblasts after selective elimination of AChE expression by siRNA. 

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