In lupus nephritis

Moore RA, Derry S. (2006) Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials and cohort studies of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 8 R182. 

Single drug therapy is mostly adequate in lupus nephritis (LN) classified as renal biopsy WHO Class I and II. Single drug therapy in lupus nephritis Class III-V, and in particular Class VI is less or not effective. One immunosuppressant cannot suppress all aspects of autoimmune inflammation in the more serious forms of the disease. The SBC-5-IMNs is not required in Class I, IL and also not in Class VI. In Class VI nothing helps, except renal dialysis or renal transplantation. 

N5. Nossent, J. C., Henzen-Logman, S. C., Vroom, T. M., Huysen, V., Berden, J. H.,andSwaak, A. J., Relation between serological data at the time of biopsy and renal histology in lupus nephritis. Rheumatol. Int. 11, 77-82 (1991). 

Schmiedeke, T. M., Stockl, F. W., Weber, R., Sugisaki, Y., Batsford, S. R., and Vogt, A., Histones have high affinity for the glomerular basement membrane. Relevance for immune complex formation in lupus nephritis. J. Exp. Med. 169,1879—1894 (1989). 

Leung YY, Szeto CC,Tam LS, Lam CW, Li EK, Wong KC,Yu SW, Kun EW. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urine collection is a reliable measure of proteinuria in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 46 649-652. 

Ward MM, Studenski S Clinical prognostic factors in lupus nephritis. The importance of hypertension and smoking. Arcb/nfern Med 152 2082-2088,1992. 

Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D Cruz D, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, arandomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 2002 46 2121-2131. 

Evidence supporting the use of cyclophosphamide in lupus nephritis has been collected over the last several decades. Controlled clinical trials have shown that cyclophosphamide improved the longterm outcomes in lupus nephritis. " Based on controlled trials, combination prednisone and cyclophosphamide has become standard treatment for focal and diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (WHO class III/IV) and is superior to prednisone alone. There are no studies examining cyclophosphamide in earlier stages of nephritis (WHO class II/III), and therefore, corticosteroids remain the treatment of... 

Yarboro CH, Wesley R, Amantea MA, et al. Modifled oral ondansetron regimen for cyclophosphamide-induced emesis in lupus nephritis. Ann Pharmacother 1996 30 752-755. 

Ginzler, E.M. (2001) Clinical Trials in Lupus Nephritis, Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 3, 199-204. 

Erdener D, Aksu K, Bi9er I, Doganav argil E, Kutay PZ. (2005) Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Anal. 19 172-176. 

Lanata CM, Mahmood T, Fine DM, Petri M. Combination therapy of myco-phenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in lupus nephritis. Lupus 2010 19(8) 935-40. 

Fig.19.6a,b. Sonographic findings in lupus nephritis, a Unspecific changes of the renal parenchyma with reduced vasculature on color Doppler sonography and increased RI (peripheral RI = 0,75) on duplex Doppler in acute severe lupus nephritis, b Normalization of renal vasculature on amplitude-coded color Doppler sonography with improvement of peripheral RI during treatment (prior to clinical normalization)... 

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