In formalin

The original procedure from which the Formalinethyl acetate centrifugal sedimentation technique was adapted was the Formalin-ether concentration method of Ritchie. Hie Formalin-ethyl acetate procedure avoids problems with the flammability and storage of ether. This procedure can be performed on specimens which have been fixed in Formalin for a time or on specimens with Formalin added during the processing. The procedure can also be performed on material fixed in MIF. 

Choi et al.20 FFPE tissues of invasive aspergillosis from 16 pediatric cases, fixed in formalin for 6-72 h To establish an optimal AR protocol for mAb WF-AF-1 (Dako), testing three different retrieval solutions of pH 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 with MW heating for 10 min Satisfactory IHC results are achieved using AR with high pH. 

Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL. Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1991 39 741-748. 

Shi SR, Cote RJ, Yang C, et al. Development of an optimal protocol for antigen retrieval a test battery approach exemplified with reference to the staining of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in formalin-fixed paraffin sections. J. Pathol. 1996 179 347-352. 

Ferrier CM, van Geloof WL, de Witte HH, et al. Epitopes of components of the plasminogen activation system are re-exposed in formalin-fixed paraffin sections by different retrieval techniques. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1998 46 469-476. 

Gill SK, Ishak M, Rylett RJ. Exposure of nuclear antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded necropsy human spinal cord tissue detection of NeuN. /. Neurosci. Meth. 2005 148 26-35. 

Kim SH, Kook MC, Song HG. Optimal conditions for the retrieval of CD4 and CD8 antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. I. Mol. Histol. 2004 35 403 108. 

Mighell AJ, Robinson PA, Hume WJ. Patterns of immunoreactivity to an anti-fibronectin polyclonal antibody in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oral tissues are dependent on methods of antigen retrieval. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1995 43 1107-1114. 

The quantity of RNA extracted from FFPE cell/tissue sections by the heating and nonheating methods, and extracted from fresh cell/tissue embedded in OCT without fixation, was comparable, showing no significant difference for all yields of RNA by Student s f-test, with the exception of one sample, MDA cells fixed in formalin for 24 h (p < 0.05). 

Ferrari HF, Luvizottob MCR, Rahald P, et al. Detection of bovine Flerpesvirus type 5 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine brain by PCR a useful adjunct to conventional tissue-based diagnostic test of bovine encephalitis. J. Virol. Methods 2007 146 335-340. 

Svoboda-Newman SM, Greenson JK, Singleton TP, et al. Detection of hepatitis C by RT-PCR in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from liver transplant patients. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 1997 6 123-129. 

Bibikova M, Talantov D, Chudin E, et al. Quantitative gene expression profiling in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using universal bead arrays. Am. J. Pathol. 2004 165 1799-1807. 

Hunter SB, Varma V, Shehata B, et al. Apolipoprotein D expression in primary brain tumors analysis by quantitative RT-PCR in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2005 53 963-969. 

Taylor CR, Burns J. The demonstration of plasma cells and other immunoglobulin containing cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using peroxidase labelled antibody. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974 27 14-20. 

Taylor CR, Mason DY. The immunohistological detection of intracellular immunoglobulin in formalin-paraffin sections from multiple myeloma and related conditions using the immunoperoxidase technique. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1974 18 417 29. 

Ten years ago, we conducted an experiment using AR-IHC on FFPE tissues fixed in formalin for different periods ranging from 4 h to 30 days to explore... 

There were a number of practical and theoretical issues to be addressed. A key scientific question was whether fixation in formalin modified antigens in a reversible or irreversible manner. To be more specific, was there any theoretical or prior scientific evidence that the effects of formalin fixation on proteins could be reversed, and if reversed, was the structure of protein restored to a sufficient degree for recovery of antigenicity With these key questions in mind, one of the authors (Shi) spent many days and nights in 1988 searching the chemical literature under somewhat adverse conditions, with a second job as an apprentice in a supermarket, and prior to the increased efficiency of such searches that is afforded today by the Internet and online databases. The answer was finally found in a series of studies of the chemical... 

Shi SR, Cote C, Kalra KL, et al. A technique for retrieving antigens in formalin-fixed, routinely acid-decalcified, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections for immunohistochemistry./. Histochem. Cytochem. 1992 40 787-792. 

Figure 12.6 Fixation in formalin for less than 6h produces blurry detail and loss of chromatin patterns. Some nuclei appear faded (arrow). 

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