In Biological Sciences

Both XRF and PIXE techniques are extensively used in biological and medical sciences for elemental analysis because of their ability in ultratrace analysis of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, etc. in organic material. The bulk of living matter consists of the 11 major elements H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca. 

Trace elements are heavy atoms linked to organic compounds by coordination or covalent bonds these are Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Se, Cr, Sn, V, F, and Si. Except for F, all these elements can be detected by XRF/PIXE. Trace elements in living matrices are not often coincidental contaminants but fulfill important functions. The presence of heavy metals in lumps, cryptogram, mosses, and lichens has been recognized and they are used as bio-indicators. Many of these elements can be detected by atomic absorption (AA) or by specific electrodes but using XRF/FIXE, no chemical separation is necessary. Using PIXE techniques, it may not be possible to identify light elements like C, N, O, F, Na but it is certainly possible by the other accelerator-based techniques like nuclear reactions. 

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Nevertheless, even with these caveats it is likely that mRNA microarray technology will play an increasing role in biological science. The technology... 

Tinoco, I. Sauer, K. Wang, J. C. "Physical Chemistry. Principles and applications in biological sciences Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978. 

Like FRET, today BRET is predominantly used in biological sciences, especially in the monitoring of protein-protein interactions such as hormone-receptor interaction [223, 224] and protein-DNA interaction in living systems. However, BL resonance energy transfer can also be applied in immunoassays by using for instance a peptide-tagged luciferase and a fluorescein-labeled antipeptide antibody [225]. The development of more BRET assays for small-molecule analytes is thus awaited. 

Abercrombie, F. N., Silvester, M. D., Cruz, R. B., Ch. 2, Advances in Chemistry Series, Symposium on Ultratrace Metal Analysis in Biological Sciences and Environment, Ed. T. Risby, accepted. 

Ourisson G, Albrecht P, Rohmet M, Ptedictive mictobial biochemistty — from molecular fossils to ptokatyotic membranes. Trends in Biological Sciences 236— 239, 1982. 

Crawley, P. (1991) Patenting in Biotech, for non-specialist. London Bio Ind. Assoc. Crespi, R.S. (1982) Patenting in Biological Sciences. Chichester J.Wiley Sons. 

Physical Chemistry Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences, I. 

Patrick j. Michaels is the Virginia State Climatologist, Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, and the CEO of an environmental consulting firm. He holds A.B. and S.M. degrees in biological sciences and plant ecology from the Univer-... 

Wang, C. H.. and D. L. Willis Radiotracer methodology in biological science. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall 1965. 

An outstanding example of the application of the theories and methods of electrochemical kinetics to an apparently different field of high interest in biological science is found in the fundamental investigation of ion transport through biological membranes. Two concise, but very clear reviews on this subject have been written by de Levie [108, 109] references to other reviews and further bibliography can be found therein. 

In biological science, the term coagulation has two somewhat more specific meanings (l)The clotting of blood or lymph. (2) The changes produced in tissue of the application of increased temperatures or by cenain chemicals. See also Anticoagulants and Blood. 

Tinoco, I., Jr., K. Sauer, and J. C. Wang, Physical Chemistry, Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences, 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1985. 

Modern robotic instrumentation represents an increasingly important approach in biological science and analytical chemistry. A variety of routine analytical operations... 

About the Author Dr. Chui is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin. She earned a B.A. in biological sciences from the University of California, Davis, a Pharm.D. from Creighton University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in pharmacy administration from Purdue University. Her areas of research focus on identifying and disseminating evidence to prove the worth of community pharmacists in the overall health care system and improving the work life for community pharmacists so that they can focus on patient care. 

SOURCE Horber, J.K.H., and M.J. Miles. 2003. Scanning probe evolution in biology. Science 302 1002-1005. 

Ignacio Tinoco, J., Sauer, K., et al. (2003). Molecular motion and transport properties. In Physical Chemistry Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences, (J. Challice, ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. 

APPLYING METABONOMICS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH... 

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