In adult brain

Aboody KS, Brown A, Rainov NG, Bower KA, Liu S, Yang W, Small JE, HerrUnger U, Ourednik V, Black PM et al (2000) Neural stem cells display extensive tropism for pathology in adult brain evidence from intracranial gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 12846-12851... 

The lipid compositions of plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes are distinct 26 Cholesterol transport and regulation in the central nervous system is distinct from that of peripheral tissues 26 In adult brain most cholesterol synthesis occurs in astrocytes 26 The astrocytic cholesterol supply to neurons is important for neuronal development and remodeling 27 The structure and roles of membrane microdomains (rafts) in cell membranes are under intensive study but many aspects are still unresolved 28... 

In adult brain most cholesterol synthesis occurs in astrocytes. Apoprotein E (apoE) is the major apolipopro-tein of the CNS and it is secreted by astrocytes. In astrocyte cultures apoE appears in the media as cholesterol-rich particles of a size similar to peripheral HDL (5-12 nm) (Fig. 2-7). The ATP-dependent transporter ABCA1, expressed by both astrocytes and neurons, promotes the formation of the apoE-stabilized high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-sized particles from astrocytic cholesterol. 

Phosphorylation is developmentally regulated, such that in fetal brain, tau is more heavily phosphorylated than in adult brain. An increase in tau phosphorylation reminiscent of that present during development was... 

As to the primary developmental actions of testosterone, growth and differentiation appear to be involved. Testosterone or estradiol stimulates outgrowth of neurites from developing hypothalamic neurons that contain estrogen receptors [14, 15]. This is believed to be one of the principal aspects of testosterone action that increases the number and the size of neurons within specific hypothalamic nuclei in males, compared to females [1, 14, 15]. 5a-DHT may have a similar effect on androgen-sensitive neurons. Differentiation of target neurons also occurs in adult brain tissue, hormones like estradiol can evoke responses that differ between adult male and female rats [1,14,15],... 

Therefore, researchers reasoned that the natural switch with age of NRl s partner could explain why the NMDA receptor in adult brain has a much narrower window of time for cellular association to occur, and it might explain why adult animals find it harder to learn and register new information [26]. So a copy of the NR2B gene was linked to a forebrain-specific promoter that increases NR2B s expression in the adult mouse forebrain (Fig. 53-5A), thereby counteracting the natural decline of the NR2B expression in the adult. 

Fig. 51 Staining for PSA-NCAM, / III-tubulin, or Doublecortin in the subcortical white matter of postnatal (P14) or adult postischemic day-23 monkey brains. Note the lack of positive cells in the adult monkey white matter contrasting with the numerous positive clusters (left column arrows) in the postnatal brain. In adult brain, positive clusters were invariably in the vicinity of SVZa (right column arrows). Clusters depicted by arrows are magnified in the insets. The position of the visual field corresponds to the frame on the schematic map. F, frontal cortex WM, white matter S, striatum. Asterisk, anterior horn of lateral ventricle. Scale bar = 400 pm...

Compared to SGZ, SVZa, the other major germinative zone in adult brain, was a region with a similarly marked accumulation of proliferating cells. These cells... 

Nottebohm F (2002) Neuronal replacement in adult brain. Brain Res Bull 57 737-749 Nowakowski RS, Hayes NL (2001) Stem cells the promises and pitfalls. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 799-804... 

Bray NJ, Buckland PR, Hall H, Owen MJ, O Donovan MC. The serotonin-2A receptor gene locus does not contain common polymorphism affecting mRNA levels in adult brain. Mol Psychiatry 2004 9(1) 109—114. 

Heeknee, K., Lubec, G. (2001). Decreased protein levels of stathmin in adult brains with Down syndrome and Alzheimer s disease. J. Neural. Transm. Sup. 281-288. 

Of particular interest is that the A6 oligomers implicated in AD were shown to reduce PAKl and PAK3 expression levels and activities in the hippocampus and temporal cortex, resulting in a loss of drebrin from the spines and synaptic dysfunctions (Zhao et al., 2006 Ma et al., 2008). Drebrin is localized at spines in adult brains and is required for active clustering and synaptic targeting of PSD95... 

Croll SD, Ransohoff RM, Cai N, Zhang Q, Martin FJ, Wei T, Kasselman LJ, Kintner J, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ (2004) VEGF-mediated inflammation precedes angiogenesis in adult brain. Exp Neurol 187 388-402... 

Hanlon FM, Sutherland RJ. Changes in adult brain and behavior caused by neonatal limbic damage implications for the etiology of schizophrenia. Behav. Brain Res. 2000 107 71-83. 

Ekdahl CT, Claasen JH, Bonde S, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (2003a) Inflammation is detrimental for neur ogenesis in adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 13632-13637. 

Recent findings in rodents show that cerebral ischemia is another injury that stimulates neurogenesis in adult brain. Yagita etal. (2001) provide evidence that the proUferadng cells found after ischemia are neural progenitor cells (Yagita... 

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