Impregnating facilities

Coal gas for illumination—and later for heating— was produced by the destructive distillation of coal and resulted in the production of large volumes of tar. This is used in the form of creosote for wood preservation, so that both gasworks sites and impregnation facilities became heavily contaminated with coal tar products. The range of compounds involved is enormous, but attention... 

Heikkila PR, Luotamo M, Riihimaki V. 1997. Urinary 1-napthanol excretion in the assessment of exposure to creosote in a impregnation facility. Scand J Work Environ Health 23 199-205. 

A facile deoximation procedure with sodium periodate impregnated on moist silica (Scheme 6.11) has also been introduced that is applicable exclusively to ketoximes [50], Aldehydes have been regenerated from the corresponding bisulfites (85-98%) on KSF clay surface [51]. 

Normally, the best activities observed during the development process are found for catalysts prepared in the laboratory where special attention is paid to each preparation step and where better control of e.g. impregnation and calcination temperature history can be achieved. This should be kept in mind when comparing activities of new lab-prepared catalysts with standard products from a production facility. As a consequence, it is seldom worth the effort to continue with a test production if the activity of the lab-prepared catalyst fails to meet the requirements. Important results for the test-produced catalysts are activity measurements covering the full range of operating conditions in the industrial converter and the mechanical strength. 

The first step of selectively depositing catalyst nanoparticies inside CNTs is their impregnation with a solution of the catalyst precursor. In the ideal case the solvent has a low surface tension, e.g., ethanol, to enable facile penetration into the CNT. Distilled water has also been reported for this purpose, however, with the aid of ultrasonic treatment [112]. The precursor solution can be added in excess or in defined volume. In any case, some weakly adsorbed metal species will remain on the outer CNT surface, which must be removed by washing with an appropriate solvent [111, 112]. A high selectivity to inside deposition is reported for this strategy, which is independent of the CNT diameter. 

To date, the only shock tube apparatus equipped to study surface reactions is the KIST facility at ATK GASL in New York. The tests done so far have studied methane oxidation, CFI4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O on the surface of an SCT ferrous-based reactor impregnated with platinum based catalyst. To isolate the effects of the screen and the catalyst on the reaction, three types of tests were run catalyzed screen with combustible gases,... 

PAN can be hydrolyzed quantitatively to N02 in alkaline solution. Thus, at least partial retention of PAN on alkali-coated denuders is likely. Ferm and Sjodin (42) reported up to 10% retention of PAN on an open-tube denuder coated with Na2C03. Facile conversion of N02 to N03 on carbonate-impregnated filters by oxidation with 03 has been reported (21), so similar conversion on alkali-coated denuders is likely. The use of glycerol in the alkaline denuder coating has been shown to decrease substantially the extent of nitrite oxidation (55). Slow oxidation of N02 to N03" in extracts of the denuder coating is also probable, a factor that can probably be minimized by low-temperature storage and by minimizing delays before analysis. 

Polymerization of monomer-impregnated concrete was initially carried out with 60Co gamma radiation. A principal advantage of using radiation is that free radical chain reactions can be induced at ambient temperature. This limits vaporization loss and may produce a better concrete-polymer bond. The disadvantages are the dose requirements and the relatively high initial investment required for the radiation source and facility. 

Many polycyclic aromatic amines and aldehydes are commercially available, but their supply is very limited. Preparation of these starting materials is necessary for studying the (3-lactam formation reaction [93]. Nitro compounds are the precursors for the amines. An important task was to prepare polycyclic aromatic nitro compounds, particularly those of chrysene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and dibenzofluorene in good yield. Nitration of these hydrocarbons with concentrated nitric acid in sulfuric acid is a widely used reaction for this purpose. Our research culminated in facile synthesis of polyaromatic nitro derivative 9 starting from polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 8 through the use of bismuth nitrate impregnated with clay (Scheme 1) ([94, 95] for some examples of bismuth nitrate-catalyzed reactions... 

An anode configuration closely related to the AB approach is the so-called reconfigured anode, in which a thin layer of metal (such as Pt/C) or metal oxide (such as FeOx) is added to the outside of the anode GDL facing the flow field. - Unlike a normal anode electrode layer that is impregnated with ionomers for facile proton transport, this ionomer-free CO oxidation layer is hydrophobic for improved gas diffusion to help maximize the interaction between CO and O2. 

Reversed-phase TLC also uses the common supporting facilities. In the laboratory, the nonpolar stationary phase can be produced by impregnating the layer (kieselguhr G or silica gel G) with long-chain hydrocarbons or liquid paraffin or by treatment with dimethyldichlorosilane (DMCS). Although commercial RP-TLC plates are available, so far it has been experimented with Ci8 plates only. 

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