Thailand Imports

Additional sources of the elements are tin slag and scrap. For instance, cassiterite deposits, in Australia, Brazil, Thailand and some other countries, contain a significant amount of tantalum. The bulk of this tantalum is collected in the slag and processed separately. Recycling of various tantalum-bearing scrap is also a veiy important source for tantalum production. These scrap materials include powder surplus from sintering operations, scrap from mill products, rejected and used capacitors, scrapped cutting tools and furnace hardware. 

Cassava is one of an important economic plants of Thailand. Thailand exported cassava products eg. cassava chip, peUet, flour and starch, etc. which are low value. The amount of the products was approx. 20 milhon metrictons a year in 1993. However, by the process, some carbohydrates in cassava tuber still waste and further cause pollution. 

Although China has officially banned e-waste importation, such ban in some cases has resulted in underground illegal e-waste trading activities. In fact, e-waste problems are not limited to China alone other developing countries such as India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand, and Nigeria also have to deal with similar issues [2, 5]. 

The most important species of the Hevea genus of the order Euphorbiaceae. All but a tiny proportion of the world supply of natural mbber is obtained from the Hevea tree originally native to the Amazon valley but now cultivated on a plantation scale in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and a number of other equatorial countries. 

At least 35 countries mine or smelt tin. Virtually every continent has an important tin-mining country. In 1990, the leading countries in tin mining and smelting were Brazil, China, Malaysia, Thailand and Bolivia. World mine and smelter production of tin by country are shown in Table 431. 

A study by the United States Agency for International Development on the use of sugar cane residues for power in Thailand, Jamaica, the Philippines and Costa Rica found that cane power can have lower unit costs than most of the other power generation options available in these countries. In Thailand the study found that a new cane power plant could supply power at about 0,030 per kilowatt hour. This was well below the cost of power generated in that country with imported coal at 0,044 per kilo-... 

Tantalum is the 51st most abundant element found on Earth. Although it is found in a free state, it is usually mixed with other minerals and is obtained by heating tantalum potassium fluoride or by the electrolysis of melted salts of tantalum. Tantalum is mainly obtained from the following ores and minerals columbite [(Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Taj O ] tantalite [(Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)jOJ and euxenite [(Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Tij OJ. Tantalums ores are mined in South America, Thailand, Malaysia, Africa, Spain, and Canada. The United States has a few small native deposits but imports most of the tantalum it uses. 

Knowledge of local resistance patterns is important to determine the treatment regimen. There is increasing chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulfado-xine (Fansidar) resistance in Africa and in some areas at the border of Thailand there is resistance for almost all antimalarial drugs including halofantrine, mefloquine and quinine. In these areas only the artemisinin derivatives (artemether, arteether, arte-sunate, dihydroartemisinin) are effective. 

Pakistan (in all of these countries, however, cannabis herb production is far less important than the production of cannabis resin). Important producers in South-Asia are India, Nepal and Sri Lanka and important producers in South South-East Asia include the Philippines and Indonesia, followed, at lower levels, by Thailand. The largest cannabis producer in the Oceania region is Australia. 

Tantalum is found in a number of oxide minerals, which almost invariably also contain niobium (columbium). The most important tantalum-bearing minerals are tantalite and columbite. which are variations of the same natural compound (Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb Og. Much of the tantalum concentrates has been obtained as a byproduct from tin mining in recent years, tin slags, which are a byproduct of the smelting of cassiierite ores, such as those found in the Republic of Congo. Nigeria, Portugal. Malaya, and Thailand have been an important raw material source for tantalum. 

Figure 10.1. Pesticide imports of Thailand between 1978 and 1993. (Source Raw data obtained from Department of Agriculture, 1993. Also see Kan-atireklap et al., 2002)...

Very limited information is available, either in the scientific literature or in popular literature available through Internet. Thapinta and Hudak (2000) in their report on the pesticide use and residual occurrence in Thailand reviewed the import and usage statistics of different pesticides and also their residual levels in different environmental samples. Thailand is a country where the climatic conditions make it suitable for cultivating a wide range of tropical and semi-tropical crops. Recently, Thailand is improving fast in the industrial sector, all these activities leading to the import of many chemicals from several nations. Chemicals import, especially those of pesticides to Thailand have increased rapidly over the past decade more than double between 1987 and 1996, that is from 20,357 MT in 1987 to 45,071 MT in 1996 (DOA, 1996). 

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