Implicit cognition

Instead of the human being conceptualized as a passive system element, to be treated in the same way as a pump or valve, the cognitive approach emphasizes the fact that people impose meaning on the information they receive, and their actions are almost always directed to achieving some explicit or implicit goal. 

A few studies have been performed with event-related potentials (ERP) to examine the cognitive effects of THC. In subjects viewing emotionally valenced words (neutral, negative, or positive), THC produced a behavioral decrease in recognition rate (Leweke et al. 1998). The ERPs showed the typical difference between old and new words (enhanced positivity for old words beginning 250 milliseconds poststimulus), and THC enhanced the positivity in response to old words. This counterintuitive dissociation between ERPs and behavioral indices was interpreted as a reflection of implicit memory processes underlying the ERP effect. 

Disturbance of cognition Explicit and implicit memory dysfunction... 

A wide range of cognitive functions are affected, particularly memory, attention, motor skills, executive function and intelligence. In contrast, implicit learning appears to be unaffected (Danion et al., 2001). 

In the terminology employed in this chapter the destination images realised in Yau and Chan s (1990) study are heavily dependent on the cognitive and implicit behavioural component of attitudes. There are clearly many ready extensions to this kind of work - other samples of travellers from different source markets such as mainland China, Japan or Singapore could be studied. Additionally the effects of a specific marketing campaign, a... 

By beginning with a task embedded in a familiar activity, it (cognitive apprenticeship) shows the students the legitimacy of their implicit knowledge and its availability as scaffolding in apparently unfamiliar tasks. 

In a 3-week, double-blind study of the cognitive effects of lithium (serum concentration about 0.8 mmol/1 n = 15) versus placebo (n = 15) in healthy subjects, lithium did not impair implicit recall, ability to process two tasks concurrently and simultaneously, short-term memory, or selective attention, but caused impaired learning during repeated administration of memory tests (226). Since neuropsychological testing could not distinguish lithium treatment from pre- and post-treatment in the lithium group, any lithium effects must be considered subtle at best. 

Greenwald, A.G. and Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27. 

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