Impact design methods

Bovea MD, Gallardo A (2006) The influence of impact assessment methods on materials selection for eco-design. Mater Des 27(3) 209-215... 

The goal of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of standard engineering methods for process development and scale-up and discuss their applicability to the pharmaceutical industry. Model-based design methods and their impact on optimization, scale-up, and process control are discussed. The state of the art is contrasted to a realistic desirable state where these methods become part of a new standard of technological articulation. 

GalanP, BrianconS, Blacher J, et al. The SU.FOL.OM3 Study a secondary prevention trial testing the impact of supplementation with folate and B-vitamins and/or Omega-3 PUFA on fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, design, methods and participants characteristics. Trials 2008 9 35. 

EPS Method - The Environmental Priority in Product Design method was developed in Sweden by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute and the Swedish Federation of Industries. This system sets a value to a change in the environment through impacts on human health, biological diversity, production, resources and aesthetic values. 

The impact strength of a particular FRP composite component is not related to a simple fundamental property of the material. The amount of energy absorbed in impact is a complicated function of material composition, component geometry, stress concentrations, impact load magnitude and velocity, ambient temperature and environmental conditions. At present, no simple method is available to predict impact behaviour and therefore all impact design is based on product testing. 

The importance of the surrogate internal standard (SIS) has been discussed throughout this book (Sections 2.2.3, 2.6.3 and 8.5.2b) and the type and availability of the SIS wiU have a profound impact on method design and rehabUity. In addition to what has been discussed previously, several practical considerations with respect to the SIS are covered in Section 9.4.5. 

Aramid fibre mesh was also used as reinforcement of thin mortar sheets and subjected to impact by projectiles (Kyung and Meyer 2007). The problem of various body-armour products is of considerable importance because of the increased number and intensity of natural disasters, and more importantly, terrorist attacks. The results have shown that brittle matrix composite materials reinforced with fibres and composed of several thin layers have considerable capacity of energy absorption. There are ready-to-use design methods for such structures and already a vast amount of knowledge has been accumulated in this field. 

Evaluation designs. Methods used to select the counterfactual or control group for impact evaluations. They can be broadly classified into three categories experimental (randomized) design, quasi-experimental design, and nonexperimental des n. 

Method development design depends on the defined requirements (research goals), as described in Table 8.2. The impact of method development is enormous (Table 8.3). 

---