Impact cushioning

This forecast assumes that the furniture segment is fully penetrated by flexible urethane foam. Style changes may impact cushion dimensions somewhat, but are considered an insignificant factor in the forecast. Flammability issues remain unsettled however, this forecast assumes technology development will continue to keep urethane foam in the forefront as the best choice for cushioning applications. 

The air bag industry has become one of the principal users of pyrotechnic compositions in the world. Most of the current air bag systems are based on the thermal decomposition of sodium azide, NaN, to rapidly generate a large volume of nitrogen gas, N2. Air bag systems must function immediately (within 50 ms) upon impact, and must quickly deploy a pulse of reasonably cool, nontoxic, unreactive gas to inflate the protective cushion for the driver or passenger. These formulations incorporate an oxidizer such as iron oxide to convert the atomic sodium that initially forms into sodium oxide, Na20. Equation 1 represents the reaction. 

Figure. 3.3. Schematic illustration of a gun experiment. The electrical probes measure the projectile velocity. Additional probes (not shown) measure the tilt at Impact. A vacuum is drawn before the experiment to prevent gas cushioning of the impact.

Blow-By. The projectile must minimize the amount of propelling gas which blows past the projectile and therefore cushions the impact. 

Stoss, m. impulse, thrust, push, blow, stroke impact, collision, percussion, shock, jolt, blimp recoil pile, heap, (of papers) file joint blast (of a horn), stossartig, a. jolting, jerky, intermittent. Stossbutter, /. farm butter, stossdlimpfend, a. shock-absorbing, cushioning. Stoss ddmpfer, m. shock absorber dash pot. -dauer, /. duration of collision, of impact, etc. (see Stoss). 

Metal and plastic packing can be dumped dry into the tower however, reasonable care must be exercised, and the drop should not be more than 10-15 ft, using a chute with a cloth sock (open) on the end to cushion the impact. 

The brittle nature of glasses at normal temperatures makes them inappropriate for use in locations where severe impacts are likely to be encountered. In the design of pipelines or other equipment it is possible to use normal engineering assembly techniques provided that suitable gaskets or cushioning are provided at joints and supports and that care is taken in tightening bolts to avoid unequal or localised stresses. 

Ogive, Rifle Grenade. A hollow metallic item designed for attachment to the forward end of a practice rifle grenade. It cushions the impact and permits reuse of the grenade Ref OrdTechTerm (1962), 208-R... 

Results, Environmental Impact Scores for the Use of Cushion Vinyl Floor Covering. . 229... 

This study deals with life cycle assessment of emissions related to the use of additives in a plastic application. This means that environmental impacts are estimated for the total of emissions, not restricted to toxic effects and/or one substance (like DEHP). Furthermore emissions relate to the cradle-to-grave chain of the additive application in cushion vinyl floor covering. 

In this study the environmental impacts are calculated for the use of 1 m2 cushion vinyl floor covering, with a lifetime of 15 years (in LCA terms called the functional unit). Figure 1 shows the process flowchart for the production, use and waste disposal of a cushion vinyl floor covering. Cushioned flooring is produced by spread coating. The glass fibre is used as a substrate. Several layers, each with its... 

The aim of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is to facilitate the interpretation of the results of the inventory analysis. The result of the inventory analysis is an emission profile for each alternative system. In this study the emission profile is the total of all emissions to air, water and soil from the grave-to-cradle chain for the use of cushion vinyl floor covering, including the up chain processes, like electricity production and the down chain processes, like the incineration and landfill of the waste. Such an emission profile may consist of hundreds of emissions and extractions. In LCA impact assessment the total of interventions (emissions, extractions) of a process chain is evaluated in terms of environmental problems (impact categories). 

ISO 14042 defines normalization as calculation of the magnitude of indicator results relative to reference information . The main aim of normalizing the category indicator results is to better understand the relative importance and magnitude of these results for each product system under study. For the purpose of normalization in LCA, Wegener Sleeswijk et al. [13] have made a comprehensive inventory of extractions and emissions of substances for the world level in the year 2000. The normalization in this project is based on these reference emissions and extractions. As a result the normalized score of an impact category for the cushion vinyl floor covering case is expressed as a fraction of the world problem. 

Figure 2 shows the weighted impact scores of the use of 1 m2 cushion vinyl floor covering, broken down into environmental impact categories and Life Cycle stages. 

According to these results, the production of the additive DEHP contributes to a large extent to the total environmental impact score of the use of cushion vinyl floor covering. Note that these impacts may be caused by substances other than DEHP ... 

Emissions of DEHP during use of the cushion vinyl floor covering appear to have a negligible contribution in the total weighted score. However, the assessment of the impact of the DEHP emission on human health is based on a characterization model that is developed for outdoor emissions, Usetox. The emission of DEHP during the use phase of the floor covering is indoors and therefore fate and the human exposure... 

However, the assumptions of the present system have some important draw backs. The impact of incineration, with energy recovery, is overestimated because burdens of incineration are completely attributed to the waste treatment of cushion vinyl floor covering while none is attributed to the production of energy, which is a co-function of the waste incineration. 

The impact to the total weighted score of the emission of DEHP during use of the cushion vinyl floor covering is negligible. 

When an automobile collision activates an air bag, sodium azide, NaN3(g), decomposes to form sodium, Na(s), and nitrogen gas, N2(g). (The gas inflates the bag.) This chemical reaction occurs almost instantaneously. It inflates the air bag quickly enough to cushion a driver s impact in a collision. 

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