Optical flow-through immunosensors

Integrated optical immunosensors. A flow-cell containing an affinity reagent can be flexible enough for implementation of all the steps involved in an immunoassay provided it is used in a flexible flow injection manifold that can be adapted as required. 

The non-competitive FI immunoassay for haptens recently reported by Gunaratna and Wilson [219] offers rather an interesting means for developing flow-through sensors for this type of compound. 

Wilson et al. developed a flow-through immunosensor using an immunosorbent membrane holding an antigen (bovine IgG) for the determination of 

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In contrast to direct immunosensors, indirect immunosensors, using as a label an enzyme [307-309] or an ionophore [310], have been more developed. This technique is derived from well established and widely utilized enzyme immunoassays evaluated by photometric methods. Enzyme immunoassay with electrochemical detection (EEIA) represents an important innovation of EIA by the replacement of optical detection with voltammetric or potentiometric measurements. It may also be adapted to flow-through systems [311, 312]. 

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