Immunological detection and

Entrapped drug is shielded from immunological detection and external enzymatic degradation. 

Flurkey WH. Polyphenoloxidase in higher plants immunological detection and analysis of in vitro translation products. Plant Physiol 1986 86 614-618. 

Bozner P (1997) Immunological detection and subcellular localization of Hsp70 and Hsp60 homologs in Trichomonas vaginalis. J Parasitol 83 224-229... 

Fernandez, J.A., Owen, T.G., Kurz, W.G.W. and De Luca, V. (1989) Immunological detection and quantitation of tryptophan decarboxylase in developing Catharanthus roseus seedlings. Plant Physiol, 91, 79-84. 

Vol. 68 [32]. Immunological Detection and Characterization of Products Translated from Cloned DNA Fragments. H. A. Erlich, S. N. Cohen, and H. O. McDevitt. 

Muller, R., Adamkiewicz, J, and Rajewsky, M. F. (1982). Immunological detection and quantification of carcinogen-modified DNA components. lARC Sci Publ, 463 79. 

Gou, Y. Jaziri, M. Diallo, B. Vanhaelen-Fastre, R. Zhiri, A. Vanhaelen, M. Homes, J. Bombardelli, E. Immunological detection and quantitation of 10-deacetylbaccatin III in Taxus sp. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 1994, 375, 281-287. 

Enzyme activity was assayed according to Bertrams and Heinz (1981). The SDS-PAGE, blotting, immunological detection and enzyme immunoassay were performed as previously described (Douady et al. 1986, Grosbois et al. 1987) The protein concentration was determined according to Bradford (1976).Stroma and thylakoid membranes were isolated from Percoll purified chloroplasts. 

EIA was originally developed as a histological technique to localize specific ceUular sites using the specificity of an immunological reaction (23). The resulting fluorescent antibodies can be detected in animal tissues at levels as low as 1 /tg/mL of body fluid. Eluorophore-labeled antibodies have also been used widely for flow cytometry appHcations using fluorescein antibodies to cell surface markers to detect and quantify specific cells (24). 

Immuno localization using polyclonal antibodies raised against AE showed that AE was widely distributed in orange fruit but with more intensive immunological detection in the outer part of the peels e.g. albedo and flavedo and in the segments (juice vesicles). The results indicate that AE is located at the site where the major fraction of pectin is deposited. 

However, Gi2 is unlikely to be the only G protein that couples 8 receptors to adenylyl cyclase since the cloned 8 receptor expressed in HEK 293 cells effectively couples to adenylyl cyclase via a pertussis toxin sensitive G protein [74], yet these cells lack immunologically detectable Gi2 and G0 [78] suggesting that either Gix or Gi3 in these cells couples the 8 receptor to adenylyl cyclase. Prather et al. [69] and Law and Reisine [73] have reported that 8 receptors can associate with Gix and Gi3. Furthermore, Sanchez-Blazquez et al. [68] have reported that antisense against Gi3 mRNA administered to the nervous system blocked 8 agonist-induced analgesia. 

Studies using radioactivity-labeled acrylonitrile indicate that acrylonitrile or its metabolites form covalent adducts with cellular macromolecules in most tissues. Studies to develop chemical or immunological methods for measuring these adducts would be especially valuable in detecting and perhaps even quantifying human exposure to acrylonitrile. Adverse health effects demonstrated following exposure to acrylonitrile, particularly acute exposures, were characteristic of cyanide toxicity. Because these effects are also indicative of exposure to many other toxicants, additional methods are needed for more specific biomarkers of effects of acrylonitrile exposure. 

Duan, L., Wang, Y., Li, S.S-C., Wan, Z., and Zhai, J. (2005) Rapid and simultaneous detection of human hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus antibodies based on a protein chip assay using nano-gold immunological amplification and silver staining method. BMC Infect. Dis. 5, 53. http //www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2334/5/53. 

The rapid development and sensitivity of the mass spectrometric methods can be foreseen and in the near future the labeling can be more frequently eliminated. The identification of the cross-linked peptide can be detected first with immunological methods and then the digested and cleaved fragments with specific tandem MS techniques. The different photophores hold discrete MS fingerprints, which allow fast recognition of the modified sites. 

The acquired immune system has probably received most of the attention in marine mammals, as has been the case in rodent and human immunology. Recent advances include the production of monoclonal [22-24] and polyclonal [25] antibodies to marine mammal immunoglobulins, enabling more precise, and often species-specific, reagents for the detection and quantification of antigen-specific antibodies. 

Immunochemical techniques are based on the immunological reaction derived from the binding of the antibody to the corresponding antigen. This reaction is reversible and is stabilized by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals interactions. The formed complex has an affinity constant (k j that can achieve values around the order of 1010 M. This great affinity and specificity between the specific antibody and the antigen (or the analyte) have turned these techniques into powerful analytical tools to detect and quantify... 

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