Immunogenic membrane proteins

Bacterial polysaccharides were activated with CDI and then coupled via spacers to immunogenic membrane proteins.[133],[134]... 

Kersten, G. F. A., Van de Put, A., Teerlink, T., Beuvery, E. C., and Crommelin, D. J. A. (1988a). Immunogenicity of liposomes and iscoms containing the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Influence of protein content and liposomal bilayer composition. Inf. Immun., 56. 1661-1664. 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa membrane protein F Epitope display on cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea leaf Elicited specific antibodies. Immunogenic in mice when delivered parenterally. Mice protected when challenged with model chronic pulmonary infection with P. aeruginosa. 19, 83... 

In a study of the tolerability and immunogenicity of Hib vaccines, 30 volunteers aged 69-84 years were immunized with either Pedvax-Hib (a conjugate of Hib polysaccharide and an outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis-YR -OMP) or Hib TITER (a conjugate of Hib oligosaccharide and a non-toxic mutant diphtheria toxin, CRM 197-HbOC) (4). The volunteers... 

Cartwright K, Morris R, Rumke H, Fox A, Borrow R, Begg N, Richmond P, Poolman J. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity in UK infants of a novel meningococcal vesicle vaccine containing multiple class 1 (PorA) outer membrane proteins. Vaccine 1999 17(20-21) 2612-19. 

Several highly immunogenic bacterial proteins have been proposed as carriers for conjugate vaccines. The list includes bacterial pili, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), and excreted toxins of pathogenic bacteria [105], preferably in toxoid fomr Tetanus and diphteria toxoids, which are readily available and accepted for human use, are the preferred carrier despite the lot-to-lot variations during the detoxification procedure. 

Various hybrids of VP1 and hepatitis B surface antigen or the cell membrane proteins of E.coli have been prepared in this way, and have shown to be highly immunogenic. Similarly, hybrids of PV1/PV2 and PV1/PV3 have also been prepared. It is hoped that one or more of the vaccines prepared using these minimal forms of the virus will be more potent, even safer, and will have greater heat stability (an important factor in the developing world) than the existing vaccines. 

In experimental studies on the formation of antibodies to a hapten-protein conjugate, it appears that the more immunogenic the protein, the better the response. Although proteins are usually the most efficient carriers, polypeptides, polysaccharides, lipid membranes, or even polynucleotides may be sufficient to impart im-munogenicity. In recent years, direct conjugation of simple chemicals to structural elements of cell membranes (especially of monocytes and macrophages) has been thought to play an important role in the induction of sensitization (de Weck 1975 Shearer 1975). The protein carrier or cell membrane structure of the host may contribute to the specificity of the response (partial autoimmunity). 

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