Immunoactivity

Immunoactive polysaccharides, containing galacturonic acid have been isolated from different plants and cell suspension culture liquids (2,4,19-22). 

Consistent with the above observations, the immunoactive glucans such as curdlan (9), lentinan (10), scleroglucan (11), schizophyllan (12) and yeast glucan (13) share a common p-D(l-3)-linked glucopyronosyl backbone. Some of these polymers also contain p-D(l-6)-linked glucopyranosyl branches through the 3,6-di-O-substituted C-6 atom of the backbone residues. 

The diabetic rats were treated with 18 IU of bovine insulin imbibed into polyacid resins b.i.d. orally using 1 cc syringes and gavage tubes. After 14 days of treatment the rats were sacrificed about 1.5 hours after the last dose. Blood samples were taken and assayed for immunoactive insulin activity (Amersham-Searie RIA kit) and serum glucose levels (glucose oxidase colorimetric assay, Sigma 510 Glucose Kit). 

Giggleman, M.A., L.C. Fitzpatrick, A.J. Goven, and B.J. Venables. 1998. Effects of pentachlorophenol on survival of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and phagocytosis by their immunoactive coelomocytes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2391-2394. 

LPS, the immunoactive component of endotoxin, is a constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. LPS is found in the environment and has been extensively studied, both as a mediator of inflammation and as a major contributing factor to bacterial pathogenesis.60 LPS exerts many of its effects through induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-ip, TNF-a and IL-6.61 An important feature... 

Piper, J. L., Gray, G. M., and Khosla, C. (2002). High selectivity of human tissue transglutaminase for immunoactive gliadin peptides Implications for celiac sprue. Biochemistry 41, 386-393. 

Straus SE (2000) Immunoactive cannabinoids therapeutic prospects for marijuana constituents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 9363-9364. 

Ikeda, I. 2000. Immunoactive lipids. Nutrition and Health-Milk. IDF World Dairy Summit, Bruges, Belgium, pp. 1-2. 

Duvaux-Miret O, Stefano GB, Smith EM, Dissous C, Capron A. Immunosuppression in the definitive and intermediate hosts of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni by release of immunoactive neuropeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992 89 778-781. 

Heideman RG, Kooyman RPH, Greve J (1994) Immunoactivity of adsorbed anti human chorionic gonadotropin studied with an optical waveguide interferometric sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 9 33 3... 

CRF is a 41-amino-acid peptide first isolated from ovine hypothalamic extracts and characterized by Vale et al. (54) in 1981. It has a high potency for stimulating the secretion of corticotropin-like and P-endorphin-like immunoactive substances. 

Immune cell passage across the BBB is, in turn, affected by immune modulators. EPS and the HTV-l immunoactive protein Tat increase expression by brain endothelial cells of ICAM and VCAM (Pu et al., 2003 Nottet et al., 1996) and monocytes treated with EPS have an increased rate of passage across the BBB (Persidsky et al., 1997). In vitro studies suggest that these events may be mediated through IL-lp and IL-6 (De Vries et al., 1994). 

Immunoactive phase Continued positivity of HBsAg and HBeAg, significantly elevated (> 2-fold) transaminases, lower HBV-DNA values (but still > 10 copies/ml). There is medium to strong necroinfiammatory activity. Therapy with interferon is indicated (possibly with lamivudine or adefovir). 

ACTH is a polypeptide hormone with 39 ammo acids and an MW of 4500 that is produced by the corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland (see Chapter 50). In 1928 a patient was described having a small ceU carcinoma of the lung who had the signs and symptoms of what is now known to be cortisol excess. A small number of these carcinomas can produce pro-ACTH, the precursor to ACTH. This precursor has an MW of 22,000, a 5% bioactivity, and most of the immunoactivity of ACTH. Traditional RIA measures both the precursor and the hormone. One immunometric assay in use is specific for ACTH. 

Acid ethanol, 10 vol, (0.2 N HC1/75 ethanol) was used to extract the somatostatin-like material from the homogenized cells. The suspension was mixed overnight at 4 °C followed by centrifugation. The ethanol was evaporated and the remaining supernatant was neutralized with NHijOH and boiled. The mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was applied to a Sep-Pak C- q disposable cartridge (8) equilibrated in 0.1 TFA. The acetonitrile/TFA was removed by lyophilization and each fraction was assayed for somatostatin-like immunoactivity. The fractions with somatostatin activity were pooled, and purified on HPLC and tested in a bioassay (14). 

Those fractions containing insulin-like material were pooled and the ethanol was removed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 disposable columns (Pharmacia PD-10) (j 7). The eluates were pooled and lyophilized. The material was then gel filtered on a Sephadex G-50 (fine) column and a peak of insulin-like immunoactivity was recovered in the region where mammalian insulins migrate on Sephadex G-50 (Figure 4). 

Those fractions containing the immunoactive insulin were pooled, lyophilized and tested for insulin bioactivity in a bioassay which measures the incorporation of 3H-glucose into toluene soluble lipids using adipocytes from male rats. (J 3). The amount of insulin bioactivity recovered from the extract was similar to the amount of immunoactivity obtained in the insulin radioimmunoassay. In addition the bioactivity was almost completely removed in the presence of an excess of anti-insulin antibody as well as by an antibody which blocks the insulin receptor (data not shown) (Figure 5) (4 ). 

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