Imidacloprid potential

The polar character of neonicotinoids makes them, in general, potentially mobile in soil. Acetamiprid and nitenpyram have short soil persistence. Imidacloprid and thi-amethoxam, however, are sufficiently persistent in soil to be used for soil treatment. The definition of soil residues for the various neonicotinoid compounds except for imidacloprid are the parent compound and it metabolites. The metabolites of acetamiprid are lM-1-2, lM-1-4 and lC-0 (Figure 6). The metabolites of nitenpyram are 2-[N-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl-methyl)-A-ethyl]amino-2-methyliminoacetic acid (CPMA) and A-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-Ai-ethyl-A -methylformamidine] (CPMF). 

The potential for imidacloprid to produce developmental toxicity, including teratogenicity, was examined in the rat and rabbit. In the rat, fetal... 

The recommended treatment in cases of acute poisoning is symptomatic. It is important to monitor and support breathing if signs of respiratory paralysis appear and to monitor blood pressure and pulse rate, since bradycardia and hypotonia may occur. Since imidacloprid does not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, treatment with a reactivating oxime (e.g., pralidoxime) is not indicated. Furthermore, treatment with a nicotinic antagonist may be ineffective or potentially harmful since symptoms of poisoning may be mediated by stimulation or inhibition of various nicotinic receptor subtypes or by other possible mechanisms. 

The extinction process, when the CS is delivered alone, can also be used to indicate potential effects of toxic compounds. The acquisition phase shows the ability of treated animals to learn the temporal relation between the US and the CS, whereas the extinction phase indicates their resistance to extinguish the response to a CS no longer associated with a reward. Ingestion of dicofol [34], endosulfan [35, 46], imidacloprid, and hydroxy-imidacloprid [48] significantly reduced the level of conditioned responses in both acquisition and extinction phases. By contrast, the response level was not reduced in bees conditioned prior to an exposure to permethrin... 

Roditakis E, Morou E, Tsagkarakou A, Riga M, Nauen R, Paine M, Morin S, Vontas J (2011) Assessment of the Bemisia tabaci CYP6CMlvQ transcript and protein levels in laboratory and field-derived imidacloprid-resistant insects and crossmetabolism potential of the recombinant enzyme. Insect Sci 18 23-29... 

Figure 2. Contour plots for electrostatic potential of imidacloprid calculated by a semi-empirical molecular orbital method PM3 combined with the AMSOL programme. The plot on the l shows ur olaraed imidacloprid, whereas that on the right shows the compound polarized by an ammonium located in the vicinity of the nitro group. Contours are plotted at +1 (red), zero (yellow) and -7 kcaVmol (blue). A space-filling model of imidacloprid is shown between the two plots. Reproduced from rrf. 10 with permission of Elsevier.

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