Hydroxy-imidacloprid

The extinction process, when the CS is delivered alone, can also be used to indicate potential effects of toxic compounds. The acquisition phase shows the ability of treated animals to learn the temporal relation between the US and the CS, whereas the extinction phase indicates their resistance to extinguish the response to a CS no longer associated with a reward. Ingestion of dicofol [34], endosulfan [35, 46], imidacloprid, and hydroxy-imidacloprid [48] significantly reduced the level of conditioned responses in both acquisition and extinction phases. By contrast, the response level was not reduced in bees conditioned prior to an exposure to permethrin... 

Beta nicotinic acid to 6-hydroxy nicotinic acid 3-substituted pyridine to a building block for imidacloprid (an insecticide) R-Cyanohydrins from benzaldehydes and HCN ... 

Resting cells of bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CGMCC 1.1788 catalyze the stereoselective hydroxylation at position C12 of imidacloprid (IMl) in the imidazolidine ring to form (R)-5-hydroxy IML Under acidic conditions, 5-hydroxy IMI is converted into olefin IMl (Figure 12.2), which exhibits about 19 times more insecticidal efficacy than IMI against horsebean aphid imago. 

Figure 5 Imidacloprid metabolites in rats, insects and plants. I - 6-chloronicotinic acid (mammalian route of elimination) rosoimine III - 4-hydroxy IV - 5-hydroxy V - guanidine VI - urea VII - olefin VIII - 4,5-dihydroxy derivatives.

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