IH toxicology

In IH toxicology, the dose received by an animal is directly related to the amount of air inhaled. " Minute volume (F ) is a commonly used respiratory measurement, and Bide et al. (2000) have reviewed the existing mammalian Fm data (as well as species body mass) for the purpose of supporting IH toxicology research. Table 9.1 provides F and M values from Bide et al for several mammalian species (non-anesthetized) that were used for allometric modelling in this chapter. An empirical relationship (for both anesthetized and nonanesthetized animals) of F, as a function of M has also been developed. Based on allometric scaling law, F should scale to the 0.75 power, but Bide et al found that F, scales to the 0.809 power [with standard error (SE) of 0.01 for this value] based on the available experimental data for nonanesthetized, adult mammals ... 

When the LCtjo is constant with respect to t, it is said to obey Haber s rule (Haber, 1924). However, Haber s rule is more of an exeeption than a true rule. Thus, a new term, toxic load (TL), has been developed and extensively used in IH toxicology to account for time dependent toxieity. TL is... 

Stevenson IH (1990). Susceptibility of different age groups to toxic damage. In Basic Science in Toxicology (GN Volans, J Sims, FM Sullivan and P Turner, eds), pp. 404-411. London, UK Taylor Francis. 

Pitot HC IH and Dragan YP, Chemical carcinogens, in Casarett and Doull s Toxicology, Klaassen CD, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001, 241. 

Thiouracil. 2,3-Dihydro-2-ihioxo-4(IH)-pyri-midinone 2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine 4-hydroxy -2( I ft) -pyrimidinethione 2 -mercapto -4( 1H) -py rimidinone 6 -hydroxy -2 -mercaptopyrimidine 2-mercapto-4. pyrimi -done Deracil. C4H4N,OS mol wt 128.15. C 37.49%, H 3.15%, O 12.48%, N 21.86%, S 25 02%. Occurs in seeds of Brassica, Cruciferae Purves, Brit. J. Exp. Pathol 22, 241 (1941). Prepd by condensing ethyl formylacetate with thiourea Wheeler. Liddle, 3m. Chem. J. 40, 550(1908). Antithyroid activity results from its interference with the iodina-tion of thyroxine precursors see Maloof, Soodak, Pharmacol. Rev. 15, 72-79 (1963). Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism Cardeilhac, Proc, Soc. Exp. Biot Med. 125, 692 (1967). Toxicology K. K. Carroll, R. L, Noble, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 97, 478 (1949). 

Krakoff IH, Nfwman RA and Goldbfrg RS (1979) Clinical toxicologic and pharmacologic studies of gallium nitrate. Cancer 44 1722-1727. 

OP and CM insecticides constitute two large families of pesticides that share a common mode of in.secticidal and toxicological action associated with their ability to inhibit the enzyme AChE within nerve tissue (Ecobichon, 2001 a,b Sultatos, 1994). A major difference between these two insecticidal classes relates to the rate of AChE reactivation, which is mea.surcd in minutes for CMs versus days or even weeks for OP insecticides (Tobia et ai, 2001 Ecobichon, 200 Ih). A comparison of the chemical structures for OP and CM insecticides is illustrated In Fig. 1. 

Unlike thermochemical process safety, however, the bulk of the IH effort (its hazards assessment and risk analysis) falls elsewhere, as the toxicology and preventive measure skills are not in the bulk drug process development function at all. Nevertheless, the bulk drug development function does have some important roles to play in ensuring the IH safety of its processes. 

Properties Yel. liq. amine-like odor sp.gr. 1.00 g/cc dens. 8.21-8.34 Ih/ gal vapor pressure 5 mm Hg flash pt. (Seta) 28 C cationic 44-46% NV Toxicology May aggravate some skin and asthma-like conditions and pre-existing liver and/or kidney disorders TSCA listed Precaution Flamm. tiamm. limits 1.2-12.0% vol. in air eliminate all sources of ignition keep away from strong oxidizing materiais Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Hazardous combustion prods. CO, CO2, NO,... 

Properties Wh. coarse powd. 95% thru 325 mesh 6.2 median particie size sp.gr. 2.65 dens. 22.07 ih/gai surf, area 1.3 nf/g oil absorp. 27 ret. index 1.54-1.55 pH 6.5 hardness (Mohs) 6.5 Use Level 30-70% (butfing/polishing), 60 phr (urethane rubber), 60% (adhesives), 65-75% (plastics), 0.5% (antiblock in LDPE film) Toxicology Prolonged inh. of dust may cause silicosis may cause cancer Imwitor 161 [Sasol Germany Sasol N. Am.]... 

Expand your IH awareness to toxicology, biomonitoring methods, skin absorption, risk assessment, and PPE e.g. gloves and respirators. These areas are greatly influenced by REACH and the DNEL. 

A substantial database exists of acute mammalian IH studies from military sponsored research (described below), but from open literature sources, there are no known studies available. Military research on CK toxicology had essentially... 

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