IFP 1500 process

IFP Process for 1-Butene from Ethylene. 1-Butene is widely used as a comonomer in the production of polyethylene, accounting for over 107,000 t in 1992 and 40% of the total comonomer used. About 60% of the 1-butene produced comes from steam cracking and fluid catalytic cracker effluents (10). This 1-butene is typically produced from by-product raffinate from methyl tert-huty ether production. The recovery of 1-butene from these streams is typically expensive and requires the use of large plants to be economical. Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) has developed and patented the Alphabutol process which produces 1-butene by selectively dimerizing ethylene. 

Table 16.2 Hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons with the IFP process.a)...

Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) process, for 1-butene from ethylene,... 

Extraction Solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide is immiscible with alkanes but is a good solvent for most unsaturated and polar compounds. Thus, it can be used to separate olefins from paraffins (93). It is used in the Institute Framais du Pntrole (IFP) process for extracting aromatic hydrocarbons from refinery streams (94). It is also used in the analytical procedure for determining polynuclear hydrocarbons in food additives (qv) of petroleum origin (95). 

Description Crude C4 streams are converted into propylene and an isobutylene-rich stream in three IFP process steps (1) butadiene and C4 acetylenes selective hydrogenation and butenes hydroisomerization, (2) isobutylene removal via distillation or MTBE production and (3) metathesis (Meta-4). 

Figure 3.5 illustrates the flow sheet of an installation using the IFP process. 

To provide an illustration, the flow sheet of the IFP process shown in Fig. 3.12 comprises two possible variants. The simpler corresponds to the direct use of the etherified solution in the gasoline pool, without separating e excess methanol contained. Operations are conducted with two reactors in series the first with an upflow stream and expanded bed with recycle of part of the previously cooled effluent for better control of the temperature rise, and the second with a downflow stream and a fixed bed. The more complex involves the recovery of excess methanol, first by azeotropic distillation in a depentanizer with part of the unconverted hydrocarbons, and then by water washing of this raffinate. The hydrocarbon phase is added to the bottom of the depentanizer. The water/methanol mixture is distilled to recover and recycle the alcohol to the etherification staee. 

Millions of tons of benzene are hydrogenated each year to give cyclohexane, which is converted to nylon via adipic acid. Whereas this process has been carried out with heterogeneous Raney nickel catalysts until now, a homogeneous process using Ziegler-type catalysts is about to take over. Catalysts based on nickel and cobalt salts in combination with triethylaluminum hydrogenate benzene under relatively mild conditions (155 °C, 1 MPa). This process is called the IFP process (Institut Fran ais du Petrole) [97] (cf Section 2.3.1.4). 

Solvent Extraction Propane and other solvents can be used to selectively extract the base oil material from used lubricants, on the like dissolves like principle, such as the IFP process. A high-boiling asphaltic residue containing most of the additives and other impurities is recovered as a separate stream. This is not the same process as the refinery furfural or phenol extraction which selectively removes aromatics by solvent extraction from lubricant base oil fractions. 

Fig. 10.5. Acetone manufacture by liquid phase dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol. IFP process. 

For propylene rich streams undesired propyne/propadiene are presently removed by a liquid phase hydrofining process over supported Pd [2], bimetallic Pd [51 and promoted Cu/AljOj catalysts [6,7]. For butene and butadiene rich streams, processes are carried out in the liquid phase (IFP process) over supported [2] and bimetallic Pd [8], as well as in the gas phase (DOW KLP process) over bimetallic Cu/y-A Oj [6 7 9] and Pd/Al Oa [10] Catalysts. The... 

Typical Properties of Base Stocks from the IFP Process at Puertollano, Spain... 

Moving beds with co-current up flow of gas and liquid (IFP process Fig. 30d)... 

Generally several reactors in series with intermediate cooling are necessary to obtain the complete conversion of benzene, simultaneously, cooled gas and liquid are recirculated at least in the first reactor. The pressure drop and the energy required in recircxilating the cooled streams are higher in fixed bed than in slurry processes (8,5 kWh/t in the IFP process compared to at least 28 k fh/t for fixed bed processes). Heat recovery is also better (11). 

The third concept is used in an IFP process for the dimerisation of alkenes. Hydroformylation has been successfully conducted in ionic liquids in the laboratory [ 1]. 

Other important hallmarks in the history of IFP include IFP systems with dopants. Ref [15] reports the first use of deuterated and fluorinated MMA derivatives to produce GRINS of lower signal loss. Additionally, Refs. [24], [25] and [50] report the use of metal-doped plastic optical fibers (POFs) to increase attenuation. In addition. Ref [26] reports the use of a two-step IFP process to... 

The huge content of noble metal in LaRhOs explains the limited number of works. However, the use of rhodium has an interest from an academic point of view. In the opposite, cobalt or copper content in LaCoi- Cu Os is relatively low compared to the metal content used in the IFP process. This could have a negative influence on the productivity of the perovskites catalysts. Nevertheless, selectivity and carbon growing chain linked to the Co/Cu ratio and to the interactions between the two metals are of prime importance. These two factors can be well mastered when starting with LaCoi- Cu Os perovskites as metal precursors. 

Since the tail gas from the Claus plant still contains more sulfur than EPA regulations permit, the tall gas is treated through a proprietary IFP process for cleanup. 

Table 6. Two-step Hydrocracking of Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil. IFP Process - Case of maximum middle distillates production.

Figure 9-49. Flow diagram of IFP process for Claus-planttail gas treating.

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