The IFP and Yellowdiesel Processes for Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel comprising monoalkyl fatty esters. It can be made from vegetable oils, animal fat, and even recycled grease from the food industry [194,195], 

Like the AVADA and the AlkyClean processes, these two processes also replace the liquid acid/base catalysts with solid acids and bases [192]. Although the reaction mechanism for the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed esterification is similar to the homogeneously catalyzed one [207,208], there is an important difference concerning the relationship between the surface hydrophobicity and the catalyst s activity. This is especially true for fatty acids, which are very lipophilic compounds. One can envisage three cases First, if there are isolated Bronsted acid sites surrounded by a 

Styrene is one of the largest-volume production chemicals. Its global demand in 2004 reached 24 million metric tons, over half of which was used for making polystyrene. The growing demand for styrene over the past decade encouraged producers to revamp plants, increasing plant capacity while keeping capital 

The SMART process is a good example of how industry can use catalysis to combine exothermic and endothermic reactions, and thus save on energy costs while at the same time increasing chemical productivity. Currently, five commercial plants run this process, producing over 1.3 million metric tons of styrene per year. 

Your task is to choose the right heterogeneous catalyst for reducing a waste stream containing cyclohexanols and cyclohexanone back to cyclohexane. Your company is considering the following process options  

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