Idaho

Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Russia, in Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. 

Fig. 3. A commercial trot faciUty in Idaho, U.S. Linear raceways are commonly used for the production of trout from fry to either release or market and for...

Georgia, Idaho, North Carolina, and Oregon also have some reserves. 

In the United States, about 90% of gold production originates from ores and placer deposits. The remainder is recovered primarily as a by-product of the refining of base metals, chiefly copper. The principal gold producing states are Nevada (60%) and Califomia (10%) followed by Montana, Utah, S. Dakota, Washington, Colorado, Alaska, Idaho, Arizona, and New Mexico (7). 

Most (88%) lead mined in the United States comes from eight mines in Missouri. The rest comes from 11 mines in Colorado, Idaho, Montana,... 

The main growing areas for badey are North Dakota, Montana, eastern South Dakota, and western Minnesota six-row badey is predominant. Increasingly significant areas are California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Colorado, where predominandy two-row badey is produced. Less than one-half of the badey grown in the United States is processed by the malt industry the remainder is used as animal feed, and ca 80% of the badey used by the malting industry is the six-tow variety (2—5) (see Feeds and feed additives, pet foods). 

Anheuser-Busch Co., Inc. Idaho Falls, Idaho Manitowoc, Wisconsia Moosehead, Minnesota 400-600... 

Great Western Malting Co. Los Angeles, California Pocatello, Idaho Vancouver, Washington 300-400... 

An improved solvent extraction process, PUREX, utilizes an organic mixture of tributyl phosphate solvent dissolved in a hydrocarbon diluent, typically dodecane. This was used at Savannah River, Georgia, ca 1955 and Hanford, Washington, ca 1956. Waste volumes were reduced by using recoverable nitric acid as the salting agent. A hybrid REDOX/PUREX process was developed in Idaho Falls, Idaho, ca 1956 to reprocess high bum-up, fuUy enriched (97% u) uranium fuel from naval reactors. Other separations processes have been developed. The desirable features are compared in Table 1. 

A series of tests were performed at the AFC s National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho, starting in 1953. The reactor was situated outdoors, and was operated remotely. The core of the first version had fuel assembhes of aluminum and enriched uranium plates of the Materials Testing Reactor (MTR) type, installed in a water tank. One of the five control rods could be ejected downward and out of the core by spring action upon intermption of a magnet... 

The first experimental breeder reactor (EBR-1), which was the first reactor to generate electricity on a practical basis, went into operation in 1951 at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. After the first reactor was damaged by a power excursion, EBR-11 was put into operation in 1961 (57). As of early 1995 it continued to operate very well. 

Directions in Eow-Eevel Radioactive Waste Management A Brief History of Commercial Eow-Eevel Radioactive Waste Disposal, DOE/LLW-103, Rev. 1, The National Low-Level Waste Management Program, INEL, Idaho Eads, Idaho, Aug. 1994. 

As of the mid-1990s all commercial phosphoms is manufactured at a few sites around the world. Significant production occurs in Idaho and Montana in the United States, in the Netherlands, in Kazakstan, and in China smaller production occurs in Prance, Russia, and India. A large amount of furnace capacity has been shut down worldwide because of cost pressure from electric power costs, phosphate derived from purified wet acid, and detergent phosphate bans legislated in the Western World. However, as of late 1995, additional production is stiU being brought on line in China. 

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

R. G. Helmer and C. Van der Leun, technical data, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Ealls, Idaho, 1995. 

Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., and Wash. Seatde, Wash. 

Includes Ariz., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N. Mex., Utah, and Wyo. Includes Calif., Oreg., and Wash. 

Information for this article came from numerous sources, including F. E. Porretto, D. M. DiMeo, and S. Collins (Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp.), E. A. DeMeo and E. E. Hughes (Electric Power Research Institute) J. M. Cohen and D. Entingh (Princeton Economic Research, Inc.) and G. Sommers and J. Renner (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory). 

The most important body of primary silver ore in the United States in the 1990s is located in Silver Valley, the Coeur d Alene Mining District of Shoshone County, Idaho, which produces >200 t/yr of silver. The main ore mineral is tetrahedrite [12054-35-2] associated with sulfides of lead, copper, iron, and 2inc. 

As of 1993—1994, over 70% of sulfuric acid production was not sold as such, but used captively to make other materials. At almost all large fertilizer plants, sulfuric acid is made on site, and by-product steam from these sulfur-burning plants is generally used for concentrating phosphoric acid ia evaporators. Most of the fertilizer plants are located ia Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, and North Carolina. In the production of phosphate fertilizers, the primary role of sulfuric acid is to convert phosphate rock to phosphoric acid and soHd calcium sulfates, which are removed by filtration. 

Most U.S. production (20 x 10 lbs ia 1996) of primary vanadium compounds has been as by-products or coproducts of uranium and of ferrophosphoms derived from smelting Idaho phosphates. Most of this processiag was from leaching acids, residues, and spent catalysts. The only domestic commercially mined ore, for its sole production of vanadium, is Arkansas brookite. It has contributed significantly to domestic supply siace ca 1969, however, it has not been mined siace 1992 (25). 

World reserves of antimony (5) ate estimated to be from 4—5 million metric tons. Approximately 80% of the world s reserves are located in China, Bohvia, Russia, Thailand, the RepubHc of South Africa, and Mexico China has the world s largest reserves. The United States possesses only 2% of the world s reserves. Most of the antimony produced in the United States is from the complex antimony deposits found in Idaho, Nevada, Alaska, and... 

The University of Idaho and USFWS, with funds from the Bonneville Power Administration, are also gathering data for registration of erythromycin. Erythromycin is intended for control of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fingerlings that can also be transmitted by broodstock to the eggs (9). If research is completed on schedule and data indicate that the compound is safe and effective, registration is scheduled for 1994 (see Antibiotics, MACROLIDES). 

J. B. EusseU, E. B. Henry, and H. N. MarshaU, MOCUS A Computer Program to Obtain Minimal Cut Sets from Fault Trees, Report 1156, Aerojet Nuclear Co., Idaho EaUs, Idaho, 1974. 

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