Ice traction

Tingley offers new Winter-TufT lightweight and flexible ice traction overshoes. Injected molded and 100-percent waterproof, Winter-Tuff s 46 rust and corrosion resistant tungsten carbide studs provide excellent slip resistance on ice and snow pack surfaces. Walk with confidence with Winter-Tuff. For more information, please visit the Tingley Rubber website at www.tingleyrubber.com. Cade 288... 

The rolling resistance of tires made from NR or SBR is reduced by the presence of increasing amounts of BR. This reduces the fuel consumption of vehicles on the road. However, the presence of BR gives rise to poor wet traction, but the presence of about 40 percent (of the polymer) BR gives improvements in ice traction. In addition, BR has a great tolerance for high levels of extender oil and carhon black. 

Uses. BR was first used largely in the blend of elastomers in tire treads to give improved abrasion resistance. Because of the emergence of radial tires, BR is largely used in tire carcasses, sidewalls and bead compounds. BR is important in winter tire treads because it gives improved ice traction that it confers. Over 90 percent of the BR production is used in tires. 

To learn more about our Winter-Tuff Ice Traction Stretch Rubber Overshoes and our full line of protective footwear, talk to your Tingley representative or visit our website. 

Osmium s voice In the original patent a continuous, 27 hours extraction with hot toluene was used. This is very impractical. I recommend the following after extraction and removal of the ex traction solvent, dissolve the crude product in 400 - 450 ml hot toluene, put that solution in a beaker and cool it for at least 2 hours in an ice bath. Filter the precipitated product, wash with about 100 ml ice-cold toluene ahd dry at 70°C or in a desiccator to constant weight. Mp. 132.5-134.0°C.]... 

Natural mbber was also used extensively in its oil-extended form in winter tires in the 1970s (57). Use of oil-extended natural mbber treads, found to have excellent traction on ice and snow, superseded studded synthetic mbber treads when studs were banned in certain countries and states owing to the damage they cause to partially cleared roads. This concept has been extended into aH-season tires, which account for over 75% of original equipment and replacement tires in the United States. It has been shown (58) that part replacement of styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR) in the formulation of aH-season tire tread compounds with oil-extended natural mbber increases ice and snow traction, reduces rolling resistance, and has no effect on normal wet grip. Also, there is only a minor trade-off in wear performance, because below a tire surface temperature of approximately 32°C, the wear of natural mbber is superior to SBR, whereas above this temperature the reverse is tme (59). Thus, wear of an aH-season tire ultimately depends on the surface temperature of the tread over its annual cycle of temperatures. 

The differential can introduce a problem when driving on a slippeiy road because the torques on the two differential pinions are always equal, thus delivering equal torques to the drive wheels. In the extreme, if the tire of one drive wheel rests on ice and therefore lacks traction, the differential allows it to spin freely while the opposite drive wheel, and the vehicle itself, remain at rest. Special differential designs have been devised to overcome this problem. Traction is also improved in some vehicles through the application of four-wheel drive, whereby additional shafts and gears are employed to distribute engine power to all four wheels of the vehicle. 

The layer of soft-ice adjacent to an interface may be melted or disoriented by adding LiCl. By this means Blank 2) has shown that the value of E/ of a monolayer of octadecanol to the passage of CO2 could be reduced from about 300 sec. cm. for pure water to only about 30 sec. cm. for 8M LiCl solution. Under the latter conditions we believe that the soft-ice is apparently almost completely melted. A small amount of methanol in the water penetrates and somewhat disrupts the film of octadecanol, and Ri again drops from 300 sec. cm. to about 30 sec. cm. i, though with further increase in the methanol concentration the resistance increases again to about 500 sec. cm., presumably due to the methanol molecules held in or near the surface increasing the viscosity of the soft-ice layer. These interpretations of the experimental data are not those proposed by Blank, and further studies with a viscous-traction surface-viscometer (1) should certainly be carried out to test this soft-ice theory. 

Calcium chloride has several industrial applications. The major applications of this compound are in deicing of roads, dust control, imparting stability to roads and buildings, and to improve traction in tractor tires. It is mixed with ice to make freezing mixtures. Hexahydrate mixed with crushed ice can lower the temperature of the cooling bath to below -50°C. It also is used as a desiccant for dehydrating gases and liquids. It is added to cement in various proportions to manufacture different types of concrete. Other uses are in adhesives, to lower gel temperatures, and as a calcium source in liquid feed supplements for dairy cattle. Also, the compound is used to control particle size development and reduce coalescence in plastics. 

Tread wear resistance, abrasion resistance, traction, speed stabihty, protection to casing, rolling resistance, ice skid resistance, durability... 

The above considerations indicate that the distinction between traction batteries and automotive batteries will be less clear-cut in the future. The tasks, duties, and operating conditions of batteries in road vehicles will be diverse. Therefore, it may be useful to redefine what is meant by the term automotive battery . In this chapter, this term is used for batteries in road vehicles that are (i) not regularly recharged from an external electrical source but, rather, only from an on-board source, such as an ICE-alternator combination or a fuel cell, and are (ii) not designed for extended, full-electric vehicle propulsion (see, Fig. 12.2). 

Physical therapists use different modalities for treating patients. Some of these treatments include ice bags, moist hot packs, whirlpools, and various exercise equipment. There is a potential slip and fall hazard if water is spilled on the floor or if electrical or other cords run across pathways. OSHA requires safe cleanup of spills and walkways free of obstructions. Floors must be kept clean and dry. Nonslip mats and other dry standing places should provide traction. Use nonslip floor mats in whirlpool areas. Keep aisles and passageways clear and in good repair, with no obstruction across or in aisles that may create a hazard. Provide floor plugs for equipment, so power cords do not run across pathways. Place a table to the side of the hydrocollator machine that stores the moist heat packs. 

This information allowed the segmentation of the tan-delta curve of a tread compound run from —100 °C to +100 °C, into zones that characterized the tread compound performance in a tire. The tan-delta value in the region of the compound Tg will define its abrasion characteristics. Ice, snow, and wet traction properties can be predicted by the tan-delta values in the region of —20°C to 0°C, while rolling resistance is determined by tan-delta values in the region of - -60°C (Figure 4.3). 

Falling rain and snow can hinder visibility. Wet roads and roads covered by ice and snow reduce friction between the tires and the pavement. Consequently, cars cannot stop as quickly or maneuver as well. Grooves built into the pavement will improve traction on wet roads. 

In ER mode at lower speeds, the so-called one-motor series ER mode is used clutches Cl and C3 are closed, while clutch C2 is open (see Figure 8.11). The generator driven by the ICE is generating electric power for the traction motor, the ARM, the electric air-conditioning system and for sustaining the battery SOC. Using the series-drive... 

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