Hydroxide carbonates involving

One patent describes a continuous process involving an aqueous alkah metal hydroxide, carbon disulfide, and an alcohol (82). The reported reaction time is 0.5—10 min before the mixture is fed to the dryer. The usual residence time is on the order of hours. A study ia the former USSR reported the use of the water—alcohol azeotrope for water removal from isobutyl or isoamyl alcohol and the appropriate alkah hydroxide to form the alkoxide prior to the addition of carbon disulfide (83). 

Hydrobromic acid is a strong acid which neutralizes bases forming salts and water. The most important reactions involve the formation of bromide salts. The acid reacts with most metals, their oxides, hydroxides, carbonates... 

Heterogeneous Equilibria Involving Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, and Hydroxide Carbonates... 

In Examples 3.11 and 3.12 it has been assumed that no solid phases are formed. At higher solution concentrations, however, the formation of solid phases such as insoluble hydroxides, carbonates and sulfides must be considered. The stability of these phases is often pa and/or pH dependent. Redox equilibria involving both aqueous and solid phase S species are shown in Example 3.13. 

Schindler, P. W. (1967) Heterogeneous Equilibria Involving Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates and Hydroxide Carbonates. In Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems, Adv. Chem. Ser., No. 67, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, p. 196. 

Q6.1 Lithium carbonate (Li2COs, Mr = 73.9) is a drug widely used in the treatment of depression. The BP assay for lithium carbonate involves the addition of an excess of hydrochloric acid to a sample of the drug and back titration of the un reacted hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. 

ScHiNDi.KR, P. W. 1967, Heterogeneous equilibria involving oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and hydroxide carbonates, In Equilibrium concepts in natural water sy.stems. Am. Chem. Soc. Adv. Chem. Ser. 67, pp. 196 221. Washington, DC Am. Chem. Soc. 

The sulfur-containing analogs of polyesteiketones, that is, polythioes-terketones and copolythioesterketones can be synthesized [294-303] by polycondensation of dihalogenbenzophenols with hydrothiophenol or other bifunctional sulfur-involving compounds, and also of their mixes with different bisphenols in environment of polar organic solvents. As in case of polyesterketones, the synthesis of their thioanalogs is recommended to be carried to out in inert medium at temperatures below 400 °C in the presence of catalyst (hydroxides, carbonates and hydrocarbonates of alkali metals). 

Chapter 6 describes methods of chemical activation of carbons involving the co-carbonization of a parent feedstock with a chemical. Three chemicals, which have seen frequent use, include zinc chloride, phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide/carbonate. Section 6.1 is an overview of the comparative behaviors of these three agents, using very similar parent feedstocks, and concluding with the suitability of such activated carbons for methane storage. Section 6.2 is an in-depth analysis of the chemistry of activation by phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Section 6.3 is an in-depth analysis of the chemistry of activation by potassium salts, and discusses intercalation chemistry. Section 6.4 reviews additional relevant literature. Enjoy. 

The industrial production of chlorine (CI2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) involves the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride or of brine solutions. With the molten salt the metallic sodium that is produced at the carbon cathode is vaporized and collected in a condenser as the solid metal. A common system for brine uses a cell with a liquid mercury cathode that flows in one direction along the floor with the brine flowing in the opposite direction past a series of graphite anodes. The electrolysis reactions produce chlorine gas at the anode, which is collected,... 

The discovery, through serendipity, that the combustion of iron hydrazine carboxylate yields nano-iron oxide led to the preparation of various nanosize oxide materials by the thermal reactivity of metal hydrazine carbox-ylates. Hitherto, oxide materials prepared by conventional ceramic techniques used hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates, or oxalates as starting materials. The procedure involves their repeated pulverization and... 

Many salt-like halides can be prepared by the action of the hydro-halic acid. HX, on the metal or its oxide, hydroxide or carbonate. The halides prepared by this method are often hydrated, particularly when a less electropositive metal is involved, for example zinc, iron. 

The mechanism of the reaction probably involves the production, by into -action of the aldehyde with hydroxide ions, of two reducing anions, the first (I) more easily than the second (II). Either of these anions may transfer a hydride ion to a carbonyl carbon atom in another aldehyde molecule ... 

Inert Gas Dilution. Inert gas dilution involves the use of additives that produce large volumes of noncombustible gases when the polymer is decomposed. These gases dilute the oxygen supply to the flame or dilute the fuel concentration below the flammability limit. Metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and some nitrogen-producing compounds function in this way as flame retardants (see Flame retardants, antimony and other inorganic compounds). 

Nucleophilic Substitution Route. Commercial synthesis of poly(arylethersulfone)s is accompHshed almost exclusively via the nucleophilic substitution polycondensation route. This synthesis route, discovered at Union Carbide in the early 1960s (3,4), involves reaction of the bisphenol of choice with 4,4 -dichlorodiphenylsulfone in a dipolar aprotic solvent in the presence of an alkaUbase. Examples of dipolar aprotic solvents include A/-methyl-2-pyrrohdinone (NMP), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), sulfolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Examples of suitable bases are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate. In the case of polysulfone (PSE) synthesis, the reaction is a two-step process in which the dialkah metal salt of bisphenol A (1) is first formed in situ from bisphenol A [80-05-7] by reaction with the base (eg, two molar equivalents of NaOH),... 

An alternative synthesis route for PES involves the partial hydrolysis of dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (2) with base to produce 4-chloro-4 -hydroxydiphenylsulfone [7402-67-7] (3) followed by the polycondensation of this difimctional monomer in the presence of potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate (7). 

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