Hydrolysis metabolites

Soil 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichloroanisole were formed when 2,4,5-T was incubated in soil at 25 °C under aerobic conditions. The half-life under these conditions was 14 d (McCall et al, 1981). When 2,4,5-T (10 pg), in unsterilized tropical clay and silty clay soils, was incubated for 4 months, 5 to 35% degradation yields were observed (Rosenberg and Alexander, 1980). Hydrolyzes in soil to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (Somasundaram et al., 1989,1991) and 2,4,5-trichloroanisole (Somasundaram et al, 1989). The rate of 2,4,5-T degradation in soil remained unchanged in a soil pretreated with its hydrolysis metabolite (2,4,5-trichlorophenol) (Somasundaram et al., 1989). 

Somasundaram, L.. Coats, J.R., Racke. K.D., and Stahr, H.M. Application of the Microtox system to assess the toxicity of pesticides and their hydrolysis metabolites. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 44(2) 254-259,1990. 

Somasundaram L, Coats JR, Racke KD. 1989. Degradation of pesticides in soil as influenced by the presence of hydrolysis metabolites. J Environ Sci Health B24 457-478. 

Somasundaram, L., J.R. Coats, K.D. Racke, and V.M. Shanbhag. 1991. Mobility of pesticides and their hydrolysis metabolites in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10(2) 185-194. 

Published Reports (1995-2006) of Laboratory Analysis of Human Urine Samples for Hydrolysis Metabolites Following a Suspected Exposure to Sulfur Mustard... 

Reactions of biotransformation of xenobiotics are usually divided into Phase I and Phase II reactions. In Phase I reactions a polar group, such as hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), thiol (-SH) and amino (-NH2) group, is introduced into the molecule through the reactions of oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Metabolites formed can be more toxic than parent compounds (i.e. paraoxon compared to parathion), but some other nontoxic metabolites can be formed as well. In Phase II reactions polar metabolites are conjugated with endogenous substrates such as glucuronides, sulfates, acetates and amino acids, which form hydrosoluble products that can be readily excreted in urine. However, in the case of OPC it is acceptable to divide reactions of biotransformation to activation and detoxication processes. In these metabolic processes significant role have diflerent enzyme... 

The tissue disposition of radiolabeled [ H]DFP and its metabolites was studied in guinea pigs after inhalation exposure from 5 min to 24 h after treatment (Scimeca and Martin, 1988). [ H]DFP was rapidly distributed in all tissues. The product of hydrolysis, metabolite diisopropryl phosphate (DIP), was covalently bound to the tissue biphasic curve, with an initial phase representing a very rapid decrease in tissue concentrations, followed by a slower phase of tissue clearance for bound [ H]DFP and free [ H]DIP. 

Bromocresol green (3.8...5.4) aliphatic carboxylic acids[103,187 — 204] triiodobenzoic acid [205], derivatives of barbituric acid [206] amphetamine derivatives [207, 208] phenazones, morazone [209] alkaloids [91, 209] nephopam [210] phenyramidol metabolites [211] diethylalkylacetamide derivatives [212] zipeprol (Mirsol) [213] thalidomide and hydrolysis products [214] cyclohexylamine derivatives [215] herbicide residues [216]... 

Through all these calculations of the effect of pH and metal ions on the ATP hydrolysis equilibrium, we have assumed standard conditions with respect to concentrations of all species except for protons. The levels of ATP, ADP, and other high-energy metabolites never even begin to approach the standard state of 1 M. In most cells, the concentrations of these species are more typically 1 to 5 mM or even less. Earlier, we described the effect of concentration on equilibrium constants and free energies in the form of Equation (3.12). For the present case, we can rewrite this as... 

In the isolation process of glucobrassicin hydrolysis products, early observations led to file suggestion fiiat 227 was one of the major metabolites, and the most potent... 

S,3S)-(+)-Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (234 Scheme 3.86), an example of a naturally occurring aziridinecarboxylic acid, is a metabolite of Streptomyces MD398-A1. This aziridine was prepared by treatment of diethyl (2i ,3K)-(-)-oxir-ane-2,3-dicarboxylate (231) with trimethylsilyl azide in EtOH/DMF to produced azido alcohol 232 [137], and treatment of this alcohol with triphenylphosphine afforded the aziridine dicarboxylate 233 in 71 % yield. Hydrolysis of 233 afforded the natural product 234 in 69% yield. 

The detection of microgram quantities of pyrethrins, cinerins, keto alcohols, and chrysanthemum acids by paper chromatography and by application of these techniques to a study of possible metabolites enabled certain tentative conclusions that imply hydrolysis in insects of a large portion of the radioactive pyrethrins and synergists to corresponding keto alcohols and chrysanthemum acids. 

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