High-energy metabolites

Through all these calculations of the effect of pH and metal ions on the ATP hydrolysis equilibrium, we have assumed standard conditions with respect to concentrations of all species except for protons. The levels of ATP, ADP, and other high-energy metabolites never even begin to approach the standard state of 1 M. In most cells, the concentrations of these species are more typically 1 to 5 mM or even less. Earlier, we described the effect of concentration on equilibrium constants and free energies in the form of Equation (3.12). For the present case, we can rewrite this as... 

Retz K. C. and Coyle J. T. (1982). Effects of kainic acid on high-energy metabolites in the mouse striatum. J. Neurochem. 38 196-203. 

Punz, A., Nanobashvili, N., Feugl, A. et al. (1998). Effect of a-tocopherol pretreatment on high energy metabolites in rabbit skeletal muscle after ischemia-reperfusion. Clin. Nutr. 17 85-7. 

Phosphoketolase and a certain type of pyruvate oxidase produce an acetyl phosphate that is a high-energy metabolite and produce ATP by acetate kinase during anaerobic growth of bacteria. 

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