Hydrolysis applications

Enamines of aldehydes react with alkyl vinyl ketones.212 Substituted cyclohexanones may be obtained after hydrolysis. Application of this reaction to a,j8-unsaturated aldehydes leads to substituted glutardialdehydes.269 The ratio of the products from the addition of methyl vinyl ketone to the pyrrolidine enamine derived from jS-decalone depends on the configuration of the decalone.76... 

Vic G, Hastings JJ, Crout DHG. Glycosidase-catalysed synthesis of glycosides by an improved procedure for reverse hydrolysis Application to the chemoenzymatic synthesis of galactopyranosyl-(l- 4)-0-alpha-galactopyranoside derivatives. Tetrahedron-Asymmetry 1996 7 1973-1984. 

A synthesis of cyclonona-2,3-dienone has been developed which involves treatment of the ethylene glycol ketal of 9,9-dibromobicyclo[6,l,0]nonan-2-one with methyl-lithium followed by acidic hydrolysis. Application of this procedure to the mixture of ketals (98) gave cyclonona-2,3-dienone which was approximately 8% optically pure. ... 

Highly cross-linked spheres with an average particle size from 0.5 to 12.0 /rm have been produced. Extremely narrow particle size distributions are possible. The particle size and degree of monodispersivity are controlled by kinetic factors during the hydrolysis. Applications for Tospearl powders include wear resistance, antiblocking properties, light-diffusion control, and lubrication (542). 

Because polyesters tend to be hydrolyzed by the presence of water at the application temperature, it is usually recommended that the products be dried prior to melting. To minimize hydrolysis, application equipment which reduces the residence time in the molten state... 

It has already been mentioned that the degradation of s-triazine herbicides such as atrazinc in soil can be described by two reaction types only, hydrolysis and reductive dealkylation (see Figure 10.3-8). Application oF these two reaction types to a specific s-triazinc compound such as atrazinc provides the reaction network shown in Figure 10,3-12. This can also be vcriFicd by running this example on h ttp //www2,chemie,uni-erlangen.de/semces/eros/,... 

The reaction is applicable to the preparation of amines from amides of aliphatic aromatic, aryl-aliphatic and heterocyclic acids. A further example is given in Section IV,170 in connexion with the preparation of anthranilic acid from phthal-imide. It may be mentioned that for aliphatic monoamides containing more than eight carbon atoms aqueous alkaline hypohalite gives poor yields of the amines. Good results are obtained by treatment of the amide (C > 8) in methanol with sodium methoxide and bromine, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting N-alkyl methyl carbamate ... 

A simple application of the reaction may bo mentioned. Refluxing of (I) with 48 per cent, hydrobromic aeid and glacial acetic acid leads to hydrolysis and decarboxylation and the production of a mixture of the yl tctone yr-di-phonylbutyrolaotone (II) and the isomeric unsaturated acid yY-dlphenyl-vinylacotic acid (III) reduction by the Clemmonsen method or catalytically... 

Since allylation with allylic carbonates proceeds under mild neutral conditions, neutral allylation has a wide application to alkylation of labile compounds which are sensitive to acids or bases. As a typical example, successful C-allylation of the rather sensitive molecule of ascorbic acid (225) to give 226 is possible only with allyl carbonate[l 37]. Similarly, Meldrum s acid is allylated smoothly[138]. Pd-catalyzed reaction of carbon nucleophiles with isopropyl 2-methylene-3,5-dioxahexylcarbomite (227)[I39] followed by hydrolysis is a good method for acetonylation of carbon nucleophiles. 

Acetoxy-l,7-octadiene (40) is converted into l,7-octadien-3-one (124) by hydrolysis and oxidation. The most useful application of this enone 124 is bisannulation to form two fused six-membered ketonesfl 13], The Michael addition of 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione (125) to 124 and asymmetric aldol condensation using (5)-phenylalanine afford the optically active diketone 126. The terminal alkene is oxidi2ed with PdCl2-CuCl2-02 to give the methyl ketone 127 in 77% yield. Finally, reduction of the double bond and aldol condensation produce the important intermediate 128 of steroid synthesis in optically pure form[114]. 

For second-order NLO applications, the films need to be noncentrosymmetric. 4-Di(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-4 -a2oben2enephosphonate was used to form SAMs on 2irconium-treated phosphorylated surfaces. Further reaction with POCl and hydrolysis created a new phosphorylated surface that could be treated with 2irconium salt (341—343). The principal advantage of the phosphate systems is high thermal stabiUty, simple preparation, and the variety of substrates that can be used. The latter is especially important if transparent substrates are required. Thiolate monolayers are not transparent, and alkyltrichlorosilanes have a serious stabiUty disadvantage. 

In the early years of the chemical industry, use of biological agents centered on fermentation (qv) techniques for the production of food products, eg, vinegar (qv), cheeses (see Milk and milk products), beer (qv), and of simple organic compounds such as acetone (qv), ethanol (qv), and the butyl alcohols (qv). By the middle of the twentieth century, most simple organic chemicals were produced synthetically. Fermentation was used for food products and for more complex substances such as pharmaceuticals (qv) (see also Antibiotics). Moreover, supports were developed to immobilize enzymes for use in industrial processes such as the hydrolysis of starch (qv) (see Enzyme applications). 

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