Modeling hydrological

The existing tools to carry out an IWRM may include hydraulic and hydrological models, water quality models as well as knowledge bases containing the necessary knowledge for the optimal management of water resources. Besides, these tools... 

Source Hauser, V.L. and Gimon, D.M., Evaluating Evapotranspiration (ET) Landfill Cover Performance Using Hydrologic Models, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE), Brooks City-Base, TX, January 2004. 

Huff, D.D. et al. (1977). TEHM A terrestrial ecosystem hydrology model. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 

Nelson, R.W. J.A. Schur. (1980). Assessment of effectiveness of geologic oscillation systems PATHS groundwater hydrologic model. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA. 

Output Errors. Output errors are analogous to input errors they can lead to biased parameter values or erroneous conclusions on the ability of the model to represent the natural system. As noted earlier, whenever a measurement is made, the possibility of an error is introduced. For example, published U.S.G.S. stream-flow data often used in hydrologic models can be 5 to 15% or more in error this, in effect, provides a tolerance range within which simulated values can be judged to be representative of the observed data. It can also provide a guide for terminating calibration efforts. 

Split-sample" field testing Involving calibration and verification on separate data sets, often for different time periods at one site. This approach has been used widely in hydrologic modeling and has general utility for model testing. 

In the data manipulation module, input data sourced from several databases and from the hydrology module are transformed into appropriate geographical information system (GIS) formats [61]. Before that, the hydrology module combines several hydrological databases with a hydrological model, providing to the... 

Keywords Climate change, Hydrological impact, Hydrological modelling, PRUDENCE, SWAT... 

This chapter is organized as follows. We first present a short description of the criteria used for selecting the data used for driving the hydrological simulations at the basin scale. Subsequently, we briefly describe Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the hydrological model adopted for this study, and the setup thereof. Later on, we continue with a brief review of the main spatio-temporal patterns of climate,... 

Xu C (1999) From GCMs to river flow a review of downscaling methods and hydrologic modelling approaches. Prog Phys Geogr 23(2) 229-249. doi 10.1177/030913339902300204... 

Arnold JG, Srinivasan R, Muttiah RS, Williams JR (1998) Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I model development. J Am Water Resour Assoc 34(l) 73-78... 

Yilmaz KK, Gupta HV, Wagener T (2008) A process-based diagnostic approach to model evaluation application to the NWS distributed hydrologic model. Water Resour Res 44(9) W09417. doi 10.1029/2007WR006716... 

Keywords Basin management, Climate change impacts, Downscaling, Hydrological modelling, Pollutants... 

A relatively simple statistical downscaling technique which may be applied quickly to a large number of models is the use of correction factors based on monthly relationships between observed data collected at a particular weather station and the relevant RCM control data set for the appropriate grid-cell [40], These monthly differences (for temperature) and ratios (for precipitation) between the control and the point observations (i.e. not the gridded interpolated CRU data set) can then be used to correct the daily RCM control and scenario data. This gives bias-corrected scenarios of temperature and precipitation, which can then be used as input to hydrological models for the exploration of various management and policy formulations. 

Keywords arsenic, mobility, attenuation, geochemistry, hydrologic modelling... 

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