Hydrogenation over Iron Catalysts

Mauret and Alphonse reported that a finely divided nickel prepared by reduction of nickel halide with magnesium in ethanol was more selective for semihydrogenation of both mono- and disubstituted acetylenes than Raney Ni or those obtained by reduction in THF.86 With the nickel produced in ethanol, the rate of hydrogen uptake after 1 equiv was almost nil in the case of 3-hexyne, and 98-99% of cA-3-hexene along with only 1-2% of hexane was produced. 

Taira hydrogenated 2-butyne-1,4-diol using Urushibara Fe as catalyst in ethanol at 80-100°C and an initial hydrogen pressure of 5-7 MPa until the hydrogen uptake ceased and obtained cw-2-butene-1,4-diol in 70-75% yield (eq. 4.29).89 

For earlier literature, see Ellis, C. Hydrogenation of Organic Substances, 3rd ed. Van Nostrand New York, 1930 pp 178-183. 

Roller, M. Helv. Chim. Acta 1947, 30, 1911. 

Sisido, K. Kurozumi, S. Utimoto, K. J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 2661. [Biichi, G. and Egger, B. (J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 2021) obtained a high yield (93.5%) of methyl jasmonate in the hydrogenation using Lindlar catalyst in petroleum ether as solvent, compared to 60% yield obtained by Sisido et al. in methanol, although on a much larger scale], 

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The selective synthesis of lower olefms(C2 - C4) by the CO2 hydrogenation over Iron catalysts promoted with Potassium and supported on ion exchanged(H, K) Zeolite-Y... 

An acetylene may be reduced to an olefin by sodium in liquid ammonia, ° by electrolytic reduction at a spongy nickel cathode, or by partial hydrogenation over metal catalysts. Catalysts for the hydrogenation include nickel, ° iron, colloidal palladium, and palladium on barium sulfate or calcium carbonate. Pure trans olefins are obtained from dialkylacetylenes by reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia. The yields ate better than 90%. Catalytic hydrogenation leads to mixtures of cis and trans olefins in which the cis isomers predominate. ° Mono- and di-arylacetylenes have also been reduced. ... 

Feeds wttn >5% (Carbon Atom) CO Feed Show No Label In Product CO) Hydrogenation Over Iron Carbon Catalysts Provids an Efflcisnt... 

The synthesis of hydrocarbons on cobalt is quite different from that on iron. Water is virtually the only oxygenated product obtained with cobalt over a wide range of conditions, while both carbon dioxide and water are formed with iron. Whereas the rate of the S3mthesis is virtually independent of pressure with cobalt, for iron it is almost linear with the pressure (at least up to 675 psi) and approximately proportional to the partial pressures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Thus the reaction over iron catalysts is approximately first order. 

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is employed in the manufacture of liquid hydrocarbons in the first commercial coal-to-liquids plant constructed since World War 11, the coal conversion plant operated in Sasol, South Africa (Speight, 2008). The reactions occur between hydrogen and carbon monoxide at pressure over iron catalysts activated with alkali, and a large number of products may result depending on various conditions. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is especially useful for the production of aliphatic hydrocarbons some olefins are produced (Speight, 2008) ... 

Walker PL, Rakszawski JF, Imperial GR. Carbon formation from carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixtures over iron catalysts. 1959 63. 

Hydrocarbons from Synthesis Gas and Methanol. Two very important catalytic processes in which hydrocarbons are formed from synthesis gas are the Sasol Eischer-Tropsch process, in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from coal gasification are converted to gasoline and other products over an iron catalyst, and the Mobil MTG process, which converts methanol to gasoline range hydrocarbons using ZSM-5-type 2eohte catalysts. 

The uv—hydrogen peroxide system has advantages over the iron—hydrogen peroxide (Fenton s reagent) procedures, eg, the reaction is not limited to an acid pH range and the iron catalyst and resulting sludges are eliminated. However, the system to date is not effective for dye wastewaters because of absorption of uv by colored effluent. 

In the cracker, HRO is cracked over iron oxide catalyst at 540°C in the presence of steam with the production of gas, liquid products, coke (12-16%), and hydrogen (by reaction of wustite with steam)... 

Guczi, L., Stefler, G., Geszti, O., Koppany, Zs., Molnar, E., Urban, M., and Kiricsi, I. 2006. CO hydrogenation over cobalt and iron catalysts supported over multiwall carbon nanotubes Effect of preparation. Journal of Catalysis 244 24—32. 

The nitrogen and hydrogen gases, in a 1 3 ratio, are passed over a heated iron catalyst at a temperature of 400°C and a pressure of about 200 atmospheres. 

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