Hydrogen initiators

H2, Pd-C, HCl or AcOH, 7-8 h, 60-68% HgS04, H2SO4, 20 h, 60% H2S, 15 min., 60% yield or RSSR, 76% yield after air oxidation. Hydrogenation initially produces the p-amino derivative that is then cleaved with Hg(II). 

Alkynes may also be hydrogenated, initially to alkenes, and then further to alkanes. By suitable modification of the catalyst, it has proved possible to stop the reaction at the intermediate alkene. Typically, platinum or palladium catalysts partially deactivated (poisoned) with lead salts are fonnd to be suitable for reduction of alkynes to alkenes. Again, syn addition is observed. 

Concerning the possible reaction mechanism, the activated lithium can both reduce the nickel(II) salt to give nickel(O) and react with the crystallization water present in the metallic salt to produce molecular hydrogen. However, no gas evolution was observed in the reaction, so the hydrogen initially formed was probably adsorbed on the surface of the active nickel to perform like hydrogenation without hydrogen in the sense that no external source of molecular hydrogen was employed. 

Other noteworthy programmes include Bavaria s "Hydrogen Initiative" and the North-Rhine Westphalia "Hydrogen and Fuel Cell R D Programme" both being funded at a rate of 7-10 million per year. In 2003, BMWA established an advisory council on hydrogen technologies with the objective to draw up a new vision on future R,D D demand. 

The Bavarian "Hydrogen Initiative," includes the Munich Airport Project, the first public hydrogen station worldwide. 

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative and Next Generation Nuclear Plant Programs under DOE Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517. 

The highly literate population of Iceland is widely supportive of the hydrogen initiative. A 2001 survey by the Sociological Institute of the University of Iceland found that 93 percent of Icelanders are positive about the idea of replacing traditional fossil fuels with hydrogen.22 Their island is also prosperous and able to afford this investment their standard of living is one of the highest in the world. 

At present it is generally accepted that the nitration reaction is a double exchange reaction. The nitro group becomes attached to one of the carbons in an aromatic ring, while simultaneously an atom of hydrogen initially connected with an atom of carbon, is split off as a proton ... 

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