Hydrogen peroxodisulfate

In addition to CuCfi, some other compounds such as Cu(OAc)2, Cu(N03)2-FeCl.i, dichromate, HNO3, potassium peroxodisulfate, and Mn02 are used as oxidants of Pd(0). Also heteropoly acid salts comtaining P, Mo, V, Si, and Ge are used with PdS04 as the redox system[2]. Organic oxidants such as benzo-quinone (BQ), hydrogen peroxide and some organic peroxides are used for oxidation. Alkyl nitrites are unique oxidants which are used in some industrial... 

Because the peroxodisulfate salts are all made electrochemicaHy, the electrical energy cost is a significant part of thek manufacturing cost. The 1994 world capacity for peroxodisulfate salts was about 75,000 metric tons, valued at about 30 x 10 . The principal appHcations are in polymerization catalysis and the market broadly tracks the plastics business. The Caro s acid business is difficult to quantify because the product itself is not commercial but made on-site from purchased hydrogen peroxide. 

Hydrogen peroxide was first made in 1818 by J. L. Thenard who acidified barium peroxide (p. 121) and then removed excess H2O by evaporation under reduced pressure. Later the compound was prepared by hydrolysis of peroxodisulfates obtained by electrolytic oxidation of acidified sulfate solutions at high current densities ... 

Oxidation of 2-mercapto-l,2,4-triazolo[l,5-c]pyrimidines (174) with chlorine or bromine in water (64BRP951652 65JCS3369), with hydrogen peroxide and chlorine (95MIP1), as well as with sodium chlorate in hydrochloric acid (94JMC2371) gave the corresponding 2-sulfonyl halide derivatives 175. Oxidation of the 2-alkylmercapto compounds 176 to the 2-alkylsufonyl derivatives 177 was made with ammonium peroxodisulfate and sulfuric acid... 

The mechanism of cathodic luminescence is distinctly different from other ECL systems. Light is emitted from oxide-covered, so-called valve metal, electrodes, namely aluminium and tantalum, during the reduction of peroxodisulfate, hydrogen peroxide, or oxygen, in aqueous solution, at relatively low potentials (<10 V). The mechanism involving persulfate, for example, is as follows. A conduc-... 

Lowenstein-Riedel An electrolytic process for making hydrogen peroxide by the electrolysis of a solution of sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate. Ammonium peroxodisulfate, (NH4)2S208, is an intermediate. This, and the Weissenstein process were made obsolete with the invention of the AO process. 

Not all C-H activation chemistry is mediated by transition metal catalysts. Many of the research groups involved in transition metal catalysis for C-H activation have opted for alternative means of catalysis. The activation of methane and ethane in water by the hexaoxo-/i-peroxodisulfate(2—) ion (S2O82) was studied and proceeds by hydrogen abstraction via an oxo radical. Methane gave rise to acetic acid in the absence of external carbon monoxide, suggesting a reaction of a methyl radical with CO formed in situ. Moreover, the addition of (external) CO to the reaction mixture led to an increase in yield of the acid product (Equation (ll)).20... 

Hydrogen peroxide Peroxodisulfates Diacyl peroxides Hydroperoxides Peracid ester Ag+,Fe2+,Co +,Tp+ Hydrogen sulfites, sulfites, thiosulfates, mercaptans, sulfinic acids Amines (e.g. NdV-dimethylaniline), certain sugars Benzoin/Fe Hydrogen sulfite/Fe ... 

Thomas JK (1967) Pulse radiolysis of aqueous solutions of methyl iodide and methyl bromide. The reactions of iodine atoms and methyl radicals in water. J Phys Chem 71 1919-1925 Tsang W, Hampson RF (1986) Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry, part I. Methane and related compounds. J Phys Chem Ref Data 15 1086-1279 UlanskiP, von Sonntag C (1999) The OFI-radical-induced chain reactions of methanol with hydrogen peroxide and with peroxodisulfate. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 165-168 Ulanski P, Bothe E, Hildenbrand K, von Sonntag C, Rosiak JM (1997) The influence of repulsive electrostatic forces on the lifetimes of polyfacrylic acid) radicals in aqueous solution. Nukleonika 42 425-436... 

See Halogens or Interhalogens above Ammonium nitrate Metals Ammonium peroxodisulfate Iron Dinitrogen tetraoxide Metals Hydrogen peroxide Metals Nitryl fluoride Metals Peroxyformic acid Potassium dichromate Iron Potassium perchlorate Metal powders Sodium peroxide Metals... 

Potassium hydrogen acetylenedicarboxylate, 1378 Potassium peroxodisulfate, 4663 t 2-Propen-l-ol, 1219 t Propylene oxide, 1221 Pyridine /V-oxide, 1843 Sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate, 2177 Sodium azide, 4753 Sodium chloroacetate, 0690 Sodium methoxide, 0463 Sodium peroxodisulfate, 4803 Sodium trichloroacetate, 0605 Styrene, 2940 Sucrose, 3552... 

The most intensive bleaching action is achieved with paste bleaches, which are prepared before use by mixing hydrogen peroxide solution (6-12 vol%) with a bleach powder. The powder consists of a peroxodisulfate, an alkalizing agent, stabilizers, thickeners, and other additives. Sodium, potassium, or ammonium peroxodisulfate is used. The ammonium salt is most effective when combined with an alkalizing component such as sodium carbonate or silicate, ammonia is formed. 

Oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid with peroxodisulfate (PDS) showed a first-order dependence on PDS and the reductant. Added hydrogen ions had no effect on the reaction. The non-radical mechanism shown in Scheme 3 has been proposed.83... 

The first hydrogen peroxide plant to go on-stream based on the electrochemical process was in 1908 at the Osterreichische Chemische Werke in Weissenstein. The Weissenstein process was adapted in 1910 to afford the Miincher process developed by Pietzsch and Adolph at the Elecktrochemische Werke, Munich. In 1924, Reidel and Lowenstein used ammonium sulfate under the conditions of electrolysis instead of sulfuric acid, and the resulting ammonium peroxodisulfate (Reidel-Lowenstein process) or potassium peroxo-disulfate (Pietzsch-Adolph process) was hydrolysed to hydrogen peroxide. As a result of this process, production of hydrogen peroxide as 100% m/m rose to approximately 35 000 metric tonnes per annum.5... 

Indirect oxidation, whereby electrochemically generated oxidants, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, Fenton s reagent, or peroxodisulfate are applied for oxidation [16,17]. 

In the electrochemical processes, an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (550 to 570 g/L) (Degussa-WeiKenstein Process) or of sulfuric acid (260 g/L) and ammonium sulfate (210 to 220 g/L) (Lowenstein-Riedel Process) is electrochemically oxidized at the anode to peroxodisulfuric acid or ammonium peroxodisulfate respectively and reduced at the cathode producing hydrogen. 

Oxidation of hexahydro-l,3,5-triazinedione 7 with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of acidic catalysts or with peroxodisulfates in aqueous suspension at 80-100°C gives 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(l//,377,5/7)-trione (8, isocyanuric acid) in about 70% yield.10-11... 

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