Alkalizing agents

Commercial cocoa powders are produced for various specific uses and many cocoas are alkaH treated, or Dutched, to produce distinctive colors and flavors. The alkaH process can involve the treatment of nibs, chocolate Hquor, or cocoa with a wide variety of alkalizing agents (9). 

The formyl derivative is then hydrolyzed by refluxing with 50% sulfuric acid for about 4 hours, after which the hydrolysate is extracted with ether to remove the acid-insoluble material and the aqueous solution made strongly alkaline with any suitable alkalizing agent, for example, sodium hydroxide, to liberate the amine. 

Phosphate need not be used in boilers where hardness can be eliminated from the FW at all times. Its use is not recommended for boilers that may exhibit severe hideout (see the section on coordinated phosphate treatment). In these circumstances, sodium hydroxide is the preferred alkalizing agent and should be dosed to a maximum of 1.5x the sodium chloride content. 

Lactic acidosis, which typically accompanies hypovolemic shock as a consequence of tissue hypoxia, is best treated by reversal of the underlying cause. Administration of alkalizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate has not been demonstrated to have any... 

Surface (floor) disinfection employs aldehydes combined with cationic surfactants and oxidants or, more rarely, acidic or alkalizing agents. 

The most intensive bleaching action is achieved with paste bleaches, which are prepared before use by mixing hydrogen peroxide solution (6-12 vol%) with a bleach powder. The powder consists of a peroxodisulfate, an alkalizing agent, stabilizers, thickeners, and other additives. Sodium, potassium, or ammonium peroxodisulfate is used. The ammonium salt is most effective when combined with an alkalizing component such as sodium carbonate or silicate, ammonia is formed. 

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) differs from Budd-Chiari syndrome in that it consists of occlusive fibrosis of the small intrahepatic veins. VOD may present as either an acute form with sudden ascites, liver enlargement and rapidly rising bilirubin, or as a chronic form with fibrosis and cirrhosis. One of the main causes of VOD is the use of cyclophosphamide or alkalating agents during conditioning for bone marrow transplantation, where it occurs in up to 20% of cases. Other causes include irradiation, antineoplastic drugs, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and alcohol. 

Acetazolamide, alkalizing agents, xanthine preparations, and urea may lower lithium plasma concentrations... 

Sodium bicarbonate Alkalizing agent Corrects lactic acidosis... 

WaJiman, D. J. (1990). Glutathione 5-transferases Role in alkalating agent resistance and possible target for tnodulation chemotherapy — a ftw iew. C/i Jcer Res. 50, 6449-645-4. 

Potassium citrate is used in beverages, foods, and oral pharmaceutical formulations as a buffering and alkalizing agent. It is also used as a sequestering agent and as a therapeutic agent to alkalinize the urine and to relieve the painful irritation caused by cystitis. See Table I. 

Alkalizing agent buffering agent emulsifier sequestering agent. 

Several alkalization agents have been developed as possible alternatives to sodium bicarbonate. These include carbicarb (a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) and tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (also called THAM or tromethamine). These agents theoretically produce a lesser increase in plasma carbon dioxide tension and, therefore, less CSF and intracellular acidosis. However, this does not appear to be the case for tromethamine, which resulted in a decrease in CSF pH similar to sodium bicarbonate in healthy horses (Pedrick et al 1998). 

Irrespective of the alkalizing agent used, and of the Mn foimaldoxime ratio, only one... 

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