Hydrogen peroxide world production

During the 1980s few innovations were disclosed in the Hterature. The hydroxylation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide has been extensively studied in order to improve the catalytic system as well as to master the ratio of hydroquinone to catechol. Other routes, targeting a selective access to one of the dihydroxyben2enes, have appeared. World production capacities according to countries and process types are presented in Table 1. 

Urea peroxohydrate is made commercially by Solvay Deutschland, Degussa (Germany), and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical. It is known commercially as urea hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide carbamide, Exterol, Hydroperit, Hydroperit, Hyperol, Orti2on, Percarbamid, Percarbamide, Perhydrit, Perhydrol-Urea, Thenardol, and UHP. In 1994 the U.K. price was J7—8/kg ( 10—12/kg). World production in 1993 was several hundred metric t. 

Because the peroxodisulfate salts are all made electrochemicaHy, the electrical energy cost is a significant part of thek manufacturing cost. The 1994 world capacity for peroxodisulfate salts was about 75,000 metric tons, valued at about 30 x 10 . The principal appHcations are in polymerization catalysis and the market broadly tracks the plastics business. The Caro s acid business is difficult to quantify because the product itself is not commercial but made on-site from purchased hydrogen peroxide. 

Of the binary peroxides made from hydrogen peroxide, calcium peroxide is the most important. World production is about 2000 t/yr, which is dominated by the dough-conditioning market in the United States. The markets for the other binary peroxides, such as those of zinc, magnesium, and strontium, total only a few hundred metric tons. Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide are made from the alkaU metals and thek total markets are in the hundreds of tons. 

World production expressed as 100% H2O2 approached 1.9 million tonnes in 1994 of which half was in Europe and one-fifth in the USA. The earliest and still the largest industrial use for H2O2 is as a bleach for textiles, paper pulp, straw, leather, oils and fats, etc. Domestic use as a hair bleach and a mild disinfectant has diminished somewhat. Hydrogen peroxide is also extensively used to manufacture chemicals, notably sodium perborate (p. 206) and percarbonate, which are major constituents of most domestic detergents at least in the UK and Europe. Normal formulations include 15-25% of such peroxoacid salts, though the practice is much less widespread in the USA, and the concentrations, when included at all, are usually less than 10%. 

Canned and bottled citrus juices are examples of products that are packed aseptically, and these processes have been used in the industry for many years. One of the newer processes for aseptic packaging employs a paperboard package that is sterilized with hydrogen peroxide prior to the form, fill, and seal operation. This process, developed by Tetra Pak Ab of Lund, Sweden, is in use in many parts of the world, but it has not yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for domestic use. 

The production volume of hydrogen peroxide is in hundreds of thousands of tons. It is one of the most widespread and valuable products in modem chemistry. All over the world hydrogen peroxide is widely applied in epoxidation and hydroxylation processes, for example, in glycerol production from allyl alcohol or organic peroxides, which are polymerization and vulcanization initiators. 

However, Atochem uses hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant with methyl ethyl ketone to form the ketazine intermediate.313 The ketazine forms as a separate phase in the reaction, and is then purified before hydrolysis to hydrazine and ketone re-cycle. No salt or other aqueous effluent is produced, making the process relatively environmentally benign. It is operated at a 10 kilo-tonne per year scale and now represents nearly 25% of the world hydrazine production (Figure 3.84). 

The world capacity for sodium carbonate perhydrate is about 20% of that of sodium perborate, both products being alternately produced in some plants. About 40% of the hydrogen peroxide production of Western Europe is utilized in the production of sodium perborate and sodium carbonate perhydrate. 

Synergistic interactions occur in other tissues and can have important biological and clinical consequences. For example, die interaction between selenium and iodine has been investigated.It is known that deiodinases are selenoproteins and that they remove iodine from T4 to produce the biologically active T3. Also the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase is active in the thyroid in the destruction of excess hydrogen peroxide and is therefore important in thyroid hormone production. In certain areas of the world, combined selenium and iodine deficiency can occur and affect treatment provision of selenium maybe necessary to correct hypothyroidism, but also may precipitate its onset. 

Hydrogen peroxide is available commercially in a variety of concentrations, with the most common aqueous solutions being 35, 50, and 70% by weight H202. The 1990 world capacity for H202 production was 850,000 tons, based on 100% H202 [108],... 

H Og. The production of hydrogen peroxide has shown tremendous mcreases since the end of the World War II. Thus, from a volume of 7.44... 

ENR is currently being produced on a pilot scale in Malaysia at a rate of 1 ton per day. Plans are to scale up the process to 5000 to 10000 tons per year and then to build a hydrogen peroxide production plant to supply the ENR process locally. Although Malaysia s natural rubber is more expensive to produce than that from Indonesia or Thailand, the new ENR could provide it with new markets. If the experimental program continues to be successful, a doubling of the world market for natural rubber is envisioned. 

About 50% of the world s production of hydrogen peroxide in 1994 was used for pulp-and paper-bleaching. Other bleaching applications are becoming more important as hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally benign alternative to chlorine-based bleaches. 

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