Hydrogen industrial sources

Industry sources indicate worldwide production of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate mono- and tetrahydrate, which are used almost exclusively for bleach appHcations, is 1.1 x 10 t per year and 6.4 x 10 t per year, respectively, in 1990. 

Nitrogen makes up 78 % of the atmosphere, hence, it is readily available. Ammonia is produced by fixing of atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen. Mineral sources of phosphorus and potassium are converted to a suitable form for fertilizer. These three elements have other use than fertilizer they are used and interact with other facets of the chemical industry, making a highly complex picture. A schematic of the interactions is presented in Figure 7.2-1. 

The molecular structure of cellulose, unlike that of starch, allows for strong hydrogen bonding between polymer chains. This results in the formation of strong water-resistant fibers such as those found in cotton, which is 98% cellulose. Cotton actually has a tensile strength greater than that of steel. The major industrial source of cellulose is wood ( 50% cellulose). 

Families can become exposed to excess hydrogen sulfide if they live near natural or industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide such as hot springs, manure holding tanks, or pulp and paper mills. Families may wish to keep visits to such places to a minimum. 

Finally, it is of interest, not only to the student of industrial archelogical history, but also to the modern technologist, to refer to coal gasification. A few decades ago the gasification of coal provided a means of supplying communities with coal gas, a mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide, which could be ignited in burners and used as a domestic or industrial source of heat. With the discovery of natural gas... 

The major industrial source of hydrogen gas is the reaction of methane with water at high temperatures (800-1000°C) and pressures (10-50 atm) in the presence of a metallic catalyst (often nickel) ... 

Other alkanes also react with steam to give mixtures of CO and H2.) Steam reforming is the principal industrial source of hydrogen gas. Additional hydrogen can be produced by recycling the CO to react further with steam in the water gas shift reaction ... 

Hydrogen sulfide was released intermittently from an industrial source in the City of Terre Haute, Indiana, over a period of 2 months. Ambient air concentrations were reported to range from 0.002 to 8 ppm ( 0.0028-11 mg m ). Twenty-seven residents complained of nausea, headache, shortness of breath, sleep disturbance, and throat and eye irritation during this time. 

The significance of the reaction of phenol with hydrogen has a number of important facets. First, the selective hydrogenation of phenol yields cyclohexanone, which is a key raw material in the production of both caprolactam for nylon 6 and adipic acid for nylon 6 . Second, due to the fact that phenol is an environmental toxin and phenolic waste has a variety of origins from industrial sources including oil refineries, petrochemical units, polymeric resin manufacturing and plastic units , catalytic hydrogenation of phenol is nowadays the best practicable environmental option . ... 

CO2 capture from large industrial sources, such as power plants, refineries, cement plants, steel mills, or hydrogen production facilities. 

Consider a waterlogged soil with a pH of 6.5 that is known to be polluted with high levels of heavy metals, including cadmium, from industrial sources. The gas pressures of CO2 (Pco-) and hydrogen sulfide (Phis) are measured in this soil and found to be 10 and 10 atmospheres, respectively. 

Air pollution problems associated with hydrogen sulphide gas and the general population are associated with the foul odour. Sources can be industrial or polluted water. Peak concentrations as high a 0.13 ppm have been reported in the air surrounding industrial sources. At a geothermal site in New Zealand where continuous monitoring was carried out, a concentration of 0.05 ppm was exceeded for 35% of the time over a five-month period. 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES found as a free base in natural waters manufacture of azo dyes intermediate in synthesis of various colors plastic films determination of nicotine (quantitative) hardener in rubber compounds reagent spray reagent for sugars detection of hydrogen cyanide and sulfate detection of blood stains lignification measurement... 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES research chemical not used commercially in the USA formed in most combustion or elevated temperature processes that involve compounds containing carbon and hydrogen coal, wood and gasoline combustion municipal waste incineration... 

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